作形式主語真正的主語為后面的不定式,五賓語賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面,賓補(bǔ)可由名詞形容詞副詞不定式分詞介詞短語和從句充當(dāng),簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語或并列主語和一個(gè)謂語或并列謂語。
句子成分;簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句教學(xué)講義
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定義:構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。
(二)主語:主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí))和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。
Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.()
WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.()One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclaaregirls.()Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.()Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.()Therichshouldhelpthepoor.()
WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.()
Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式)
(三)謂語:謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:
1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語:由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如:Herunningeverymorning.
2、復(fù)合謂語:(1)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如:You(2)由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如:We.
(四)表語:表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.()Isityours?()
Theweatherhasturnedcold.()Thespeechisexciting.()
Threetimessevenistwentyone?()HisjobistoteachEnglish.()
Hishobby(愛好)isplayingfootball.()Themachinemustbeoutoforder.()Timeisup.Theclaisover.()Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.()
(五)賓語:賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如:
Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展覽)yesterday.()
Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.()
Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.()
Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.()
Hepretendednottoseeme.()
Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.()Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.()賓語種類:(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ)),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.
(六)賓語補(bǔ)足語:英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞,除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外,還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語,才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為:某些及物動(dòng)詞(如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ))。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如:
Hisfathernamedhim.(名詞)Theypaintedtheirboat(形容詞)
Letthefreshair()Youmustn’tforcehim(不定式短語)Wesawher.(現(xiàn)在分詞)Wefoundeverythinginthelab.()Wewillsoonmakeourcity
(七)定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示:
(形容詞)
Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.()
Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名詞)
HisrapidprogreinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代詞)
Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.()
Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.()
HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.()
(八)狀語:修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語?捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆
Lighttravels.(副詞及副詞性詞組)Hehaslivedinthecity.(介詞短語)Heisproud(不定式短語)HeisintheroomWait.(名詞),youmustcontinue.(狀語從句)狀語種類如下:Howaboutmeetingagain()Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedanceparty.()Ishallgothere.()MrSmithlives()Sheputtheeggsintothebasket()Shecamein(伴隨狀語)()Hewassotired()Sheworksveryhard.()Iamtaller(比較狀語)
練習(xí)
指出下列句子劃線部分是什么句子成分:
二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
(一)句子種類兩種分類法
1、按句子的用途可分四種:
1)陳述句(肯定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.
2)疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?
3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkincla4)感嘆句:Howclevertheboyis!
2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種:
1)簡(jiǎn)單句:只有一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語)。
.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.
Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.
2)并列句:由并列連詞(and,but,or等)或分號(hào)(;)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
3)復(fù)合句:含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含:名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等。
e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.
(二)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型
1、主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語:e.g.Heisastudent.2、主語+不及物動(dòng)詞:e.g.Wework.
3、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語:e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.
4、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語):e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.
5、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ)):e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.
注:其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。
(三)并列句的分類
1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.
2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmithetrain.
3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.
4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.
(四)高考考點(diǎn)探討
1、簡(jiǎn)單句的五大句型是最基本的句型。雖然近幾年單純考查這種基礎(chǔ)句型的題不多,但是在閱讀中有時(shí)需借助于劃分句子成分去理解,在書面表達(dá)中,沒有最基本的遣詞造句的能力是不可能用地道的英語句子來表達(dá)清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑問句和感嘆句是高考命題的熱點(diǎn)之一。有時(shí)把祈使句與反意疑問句結(jié)合于一體來考查。一個(gè)題目,幾個(gè)考點(diǎn),是近幾年命題的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。
3、高考對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和各種復(fù)合句的考查常表現(xiàn)在對(duì)連詞的選擇和使用上。如:and,but,or,while,以及其它連接名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句的連接詞、關(guān)聯(lián)詞。
4、各種主從復(fù)合句的考查常常與動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)聯(lián)系在一起,以賓語從句與狀語從句最為明顯,時(shí)間從句與條件從句中,如果主句是將來時(shí),從句則用一般式表將來,這一點(diǎn)在高考中經(jīng)?疾。
如:Wewillgooutingifitdoesn’traintomorrow。
練習(xí)二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
一、判斷下列句子是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句:
1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.
3.Thereisachairinthisroom,isn’tthere?
4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.
5.HeisinClaOneandIaminClaTwo.6.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.
7.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.8.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isn’tit?
9.Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.10.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.
二、判斷下列短文中各句是簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句:
AFireDrill
LastFriday,afiredrillwascarriedoutinourschool.Beforethedrill,ourteachercarefullyexplainedtouswhatweshoulddowhentherewasafireintheschool.Everyoneofuslistenedattentivelyandrememberedtherightprocedure.
At9:30whenwewerehavingaChineseclass,thefirealarmrang.Withouthesitation,wewentdownthestairsinorderasplanned.Followingourteachers’instructions,wemovedtowardstheexits.Threeminuteslater,allthestudentscameoutsidetheteachingbuildingsafely,whichisreallyanexperience.Ithinkalltheschoolsshouldhavethesekindsofdrillssothateverystudentwillknowwhattheyshoulddowhenmeetingcertaindisasters.
三、將下列句子譯成英語。
(1)這種布摸起來很柔軟。_____________________________________________
(2)你昨晚睡得好嗎?_____________________________________________
(3)我很難相信他竟然準(zhǔn)時(shí)參加了會(huì)議。______________________________________________
(4)這個(gè)學(xué)期我已經(jīng)給父母寫過三封信了。______________________________________________
(5)問題一直未解決。_______________________________________________
(6)她漸漸地變得很沉默。_______________________________________________
(7)醫(yī)生已決定什么時(shí)候給病人做手術(shù)。_______________________________________________
(8)要我在一小時(shí)完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)是不可能的。_______________________________________________
句子成分簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句[1]
句子成分;簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定義:構(gòu)成句子的各個(gè)部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主語和謂語;次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語和同位語。
(二)主語:主語是一個(gè)句子所敘述的主體,一般位于句首。但在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問句(當(dāng)主語不疑問詞時(shí))和倒裝句中,主語位于謂語、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。例如:
Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名詞)
WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代詞)
One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclaaregirls.(數(shù)詞)Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)
Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(動(dòng)名詞)
Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名詞化的形容詞)
WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主語從句)
Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為后面的不定式)
(三)謂語:謂語說明主語所做的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下:
1、簡(jiǎn)單謂語:由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語構(gòu)成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
2、復(fù)合謂語:(1)由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或其他助動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。如:Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.(2)由系動(dòng)詞加表語構(gòu)成。如:Wearestudents.
(四)表語:表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài),它一般位于系動(dòng)詞(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如:
OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名詞)
Isityours?(代詞)
Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容詞)
Thespeechisexciting.(分詞)
Threetimessevenistwentyone?(數(shù)詞)
HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)
Hishobby(愛好)isplayingfootball.(動(dòng)名詞)
Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介詞短語)
Timeisup.Theclaisover.(副詞)
Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表語從句)1
(五)賓語:賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承愛者,一般位于及物動(dòng)詞和介詞后面。例如:
Theywenttoseeanexhibition(展覽)yesterday.(名詞)
Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代詞)Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(數(shù)詞)
Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.(名詞化形容詞)Hepretendednottoseeme.(不定式短語)
Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(動(dòng)名詞短語)
Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(賓語從句)
賓語種類:(1)雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,please.(2)復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ)),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.
(六)賓語補(bǔ)足語:英語中有些及物動(dòng)詞,除有一個(gè)直接賓語以外,還要有一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語,才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為:某些及物動(dòng)詞(如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ))。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。例如:
HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名詞)
Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容詞)
Letthefreshairin.(副詞)
Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短語)Wesawherenteringtheroom.(現(xiàn)在分詞)
Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介詞短語)
Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(從句)
(七)定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示:
Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容詞)
Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分詞)
Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名詞)
HisrapidprogreinEnglishmadeussurprised.(代詞)
Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短語)
Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(動(dòng)名詞)HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介詞短語)
(八)狀語:修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子,說明動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分,叫做狀語?捎梢韵滦问奖硎荆
Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副詞及副詞性詞組)
Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介詞短語)
Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短語)
Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分詞短語)
Waitaminute.(名詞)
2
Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(狀語從句)
狀語種類如下:
Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(時(shí)間狀語)
Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.(原因狀語)
Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.(條件狀語)
MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地點(diǎn)狀語)
Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式狀語)Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴隨狀語)
Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的狀語)Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(結(jié)果狀語)Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(讓步狀語)
Iamtallerthanheis.(比較狀語)
選擇填空:
()1.____willleaveforBeijing.
A.NowtherethemanB.Themanherenow
C.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow
()2.Theweather____.
A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcold
C.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold
()3.Theappletasted____.
A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet
()4.Hegotup____yesterdaymorning.
A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter
()5.Theactor______attheageof70.
http://emrowgh.com aded
()6.__wereallverytired,butnoneof__wouldstoptotakearest.
A.We, http://emrowgh.com ,weC.We,ourD.We,we
()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch______.
A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly
()8.Ithink_____necessarytolearnEnglishwell.
A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis
()9.Thedog____mad.
A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked
()10.Iwillneverforgettheday______Ijoinedthearmy.
A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where
二、簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句
(一)句子種類兩種分類法
1、按句子的用途可分四種:
1)陳述句(肯定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.
2)疑問句(一般、特殊、選擇、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?
3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass
4)感嘆句:Howclevertheboyis!
2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種:
1)簡(jiǎn)單句:只有一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語)。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.
TomandMikeareAmericanboys.
Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.
2)并列句:由并列連詞(and,but,or等)或分號(hào)(;)把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.
Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
3)復(fù)合句:含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含:名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等。
e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.
(二)簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型
1、主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語:e.g.Heisastudent.
2、主語+不及物動(dòng)詞:e.g.Wework.
3、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語:e.g.Henryboughtadictionary.
4、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語):e.g.Myfatherboughtmeacar.
5、主語+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓補(bǔ)):e.g.Tommadethebabylaugh.注:其他各種句子都可由這一種基本句型擴(kuò)展、變化或省略而構(gòu)成。
(三)并列句的分類
1、表示連接兩個(gè)同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等連接。e.g.Theteacher’snameisSmith,andthestudent’snameisJohn.
2、表示選擇,常用的連詞有or,either…or…,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryou’llmithetrain.
3、表示轉(zhuǎn)折,常用的連詞有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.
4、表示因果關(guān)系,常用的連詞有so,for,therefore等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.
Keys:
1-5CBDBB6-10ACBAB