第三個環(huán)節(jié)是國家之間的渠道使產(chǎn)品從他們的外國進入點移動，國際市場細分就是市場細分概念在國際營銷中的作用，采用何種細分標準對國際市場進行細分往往取決于企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)。
商務(wù)英語句子練習
句子翻譯：
（課文中）
1、AnAmericanwhowantstobuyaJapaneseautomobilecannotexpecttheJapanesemanufacturertoacceptU.S.dollarsinpayment,unlebysheercoincidencethemanufacturerhappensatthetimetobuyanewcomputerfromanAmericanfirm.
想買日本車的美國人，不能指望日本商人接受美元來支付，除非十分碰巧那個日本商人正好想買一臺美國電腦。
2、AvailabilityofyenwouldthenmaketradewithJapannomorecomplicatedthanbuyinggroceriesataneighborhoodsupermarket.
有了日元，將會使得和日本的貿(mào)易不比在附近的超市購買雜貨復雜。
3、Eventhoughunfetteredtrademightallowtheworldtoconsumemore,eachcountryislikelytobemoreconcernedaboutemploymentandincomesathomethanabouteconomist’sassurancesoftheefficiencyoftrade.
即使自由貿(mào)易能夠使得世界消費較多的產(chǎn)品，每個國家更關(guān)注國內(nèi)的就業(yè)和收入，而不是經(jīng)濟學家所保證的經(jīng)濟的效率。
4、Balanceofinternationalpaymentsmeansafinancialindicatorpublishedbyagovernmenttoreflectthecountry’svolumeofimportandexportsettlements,capitalmovementsandchangeinofficialreservesinacertainperiod.
國際收支是由政府頒發(fā)的一個財務(wù)指數(shù)，用來反映一國在一定時期內(nèi)的進出口、資本及官方儲備的變動情況。
5、Abalanceofpaymentsurplusmeansthattheauthoritiesarereducingtheirliquidliabilitiestoforeigncentralauthoritiesorelseaddingtotheirholdingsofofficialreservesinsuchformsasgoldandforeignexchange.
國際收支順差指的是一國當局（政府）正在減少對他國的流動負債，或者正在增加以黃金和外匯為形式的官方儲備。
6、Abalanceofpaymentdeficitmeansthatinaggregatedebititemsexceedcredititemsandsaysnothingaboutwhetherthisisbeneficialorharmful.
國際收支逆差指的是借項超過貸項，并且不知道有益還是有害。
7、如果我們有持久的收支順差，那么我們的貿(mào)易伙伴就一定有持久的逆差。
Ifwehaveapermanentsurpluscouldbetolerated,butthisisnotthecaseeither.
8、Ifagovernmentprefersnottolimitforeigntradethroughsuchprotectivesteps,asalastresort,acountrymaychoosetodevalueitscurrencyinordertoachieveabalance.如果政府不愿意通過保護性措施來限制貿(mào)易，那么作為最后一個方法，一國可以使自己的貨幣貶值來達到均衡。
9、OnceaEurocurrency(assumedollar)depositismadeinaLondonbank,thebankmayusethatassetasabasisformakingadollar-denominatedloantosomeoneelse.一旦一筆歐洲貨幣被存進倫敦銀行，那么倫敦銀行會使用這筆存款作為以美元為主貸款貸給他人。
10、Demographicsegmentationisbasedonmeasurablecharacteristicsofpopulationssuchasage,gender,income,education,andoccupation.
人口細分是建立在人口可測量的特點的基礎(chǔ)上的，比如：年齡、性別、收入、教育和職業(yè)。
11、Psychographicsegmentationinvolvesgroupingpeopleintermsoftheirattitudes,values,andlifestyles.
心理細分是根據(jù)人們的態(tài)度、價值觀及生活方式將人們分組的。
12、Everycountryortargetmarketareapresentstheinternationalmarketerwithuniquemiddlemenanddistributionpatterns.
每個國家或市場地區(qū)給國際營銷者呈現(xiàn)出獨特的中間商和渠道模式。
13、Theinternationalcompanymusttakeawhole-channelviewoftheproblemofdistributingproductstofinalconsumers.
跨國公司必須采取渠道整體的觀點去看待將產(chǎn)品分銷在最終消費者的問題。
14、Thethirdlink,channelswithinnations,movestheproductsfromtheirforeignentrypointtothefinalcustomers.
第三個環(huán)節(jié)，是國家之間的渠道，使產(chǎn)品從他們的外國進入點移動。
15、Whencreatingadvertising,caremustbetakentoensurethattheartdirectionandcopyareappropriatefortheintendedaudiencesintargetcountries.
當制作廣告時，我們必須注意確保藝術(shù)動向和復本適合目標國家的受眾。
（課后練習）
1、總的來說，從事國際貿(mào)易的商人都需要依靠商業(yè)銀行提供進出口資金融通。
Inaword,thebusinesspeopleengagedininternationaltradedependoncommercialbankstoofferimportandexportcapitalfinancing.
2、目前，在資本貨物貿(mào)易中，銀行提供的中期或長期出口信貸已成了出口商確保出口訂單的一個不可或缺的條件。
Atpresent,inthetransactionofcapitalgoods,themediumandlongtermexportfinancingprovidedbybankshavebeenamusttosecuretheexportordersfortheexporter.
3、外匯體制改革是進一步深化外貿(mào)體制改革的關(guān)鍵，對我國外貿(mào)發(fā)展將產(chǎn)生重大而深遠的影響。
Thereformsonforeignexchangesystemiscrucialtofurtherdeepenthereformsonforeigntradesystem,andwillhavesignificantandfar-readinginfluenceonthedevelopmentofChina’sforeigntrade.
4、國際市場細分，就是市場細分概念在國際營銷中的作用。
Internationalmarketsegmentsistheapplicationoftheconceptofmarketsegmentinintonationmarketing.
5、市場細分有利于企業(yè)發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)掘新的營銷機會。
6、采用何種細分標準對國際市場進行細分，往往取決于企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)。
Whatsegmentationcriteriaareusedtosegmentinternationalmarketalwaysdependsonproduceattributesoftheenterprises.
7、企業(yè)對不同類型的最終用戶要相應地運動不同的市場營銷組合。
Enterprisesshouldusedifferentmarketingmixaccordingtodifferenttypesofend-users.
商務(wù)英語短語詞組&句子翻譯期末復習總結(jié)!!必考!
短語詞組Managementcontrol經(jīng)營管理Managementbyobjective目標管理
Managementcompetence經(jīng)營才干managementinventoryform管理人才儲備表Managementoftrades行業(yè)管理managementprinciple經(jīng)營方針
Managementfunction管理職能resolveconflicts解決矛盾
Setagoal建立目標motivatesubordinates激勵下屬
Formulateplans設(shè)立計劃previouslysetgoals預定的目標
Controllingfunction控制職能communicationchannel溝通渠道Jobhunter求職人員jobhopper頻繁變換工作的人
Joborientation崗位性質(zhì)jobresponsibilitysystem崗位責任制
Jobsearch職業(yè)選擇jobvacancy職位空缺
Jobrecruiting招工humanresource人力資源
Currentassessment現(xiàn)狀評估humanresourceinventory人力資源狀況表
Jobanalysis工作分析jobdescription工作說明
Jobspecification工作規(guī)范jobholder在職者
Potentialcandidates潛在求職者Financialplan財務(wù)計劃cashinflows現(xiàn)金流入
Cashoutflows現(xiàn)金流出financialcontrol財務(wù)控制
Cashoutlays現(xiàn)金支出cashoverandshortaccount現(xiàn)金盈虧賬戶Cashmanagementservice現(xiàn)金管理服務(wù)cashliquidity現(xiàn)金流動情況
Financialmanager財務(wù)經(jīng)理creditrating信用評價
Checkingaccount活期賬戶annualsales年銷售額
Cashmanagement現(xiàn)金管理payrolltaxes工薪稅
Bankaccount銀行賬戶excefunds超額資金
Lockboxes銀行存款箱controlleddisbursementaccount控制支付賬號Interest-freeloan無息貸款costofgoodssold銷售產(chǎn)品成本
Workinproceinventory線上盤點materialsinventory材料盤點
Finishedgoodsavailableforsale可銷售成品depreciation廠房設(shè)備折舊Productionandoperationmanagement(P/OM)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營管理
Productandservicequality產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)質(zhì)量productqualityassurance產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量保證Productqualitycontrol產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量管理productqualitystandard產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量標準Productqualityvariance產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量差異qualityauditingsystem質(zhì)量檢驗制度Qualitycertificate品質(zhì)證明書qualitychecks質(zhì)量檢驗
Totalqualitymanagement全面質(zhì)量管理competitivepressure競爭壓力
Qualityimprovement質(zhì)量改進productpromotionactivities產(chǎn)品促銷活動
R&Dprocesses研制和開發(fā)過程qualityaudit質(zhì)量審核
Employeetraining員工培訓groupbrainstorming集思廣益Topmanagement高級管理層workflow工作流程Marketingnetwork營銷網(wǎng)marketingoperating營銷活動Marketingagencies銷售部門marketingresearch營銷調(diào)查
Marketingprice營銷價格marketingintermediaries銷售媒介Marketingproducts適銷產(chǎn)品marketingvariance營銷預測差異Marketingstrategies營銷策略salesvolume銷售量
Prospectivecustomers潛在顧客potentialprofitability潛在利益性Targetmarket目標市場totalrevenue總收入
Personalizedservice個性化服務(wù)trafficflow客流量
Internationalmarket國際市場promotionstrategies促銷策略Centralbank中央銀行investmentbank投資銀行
Commercialbank商業(yè)銀行correspondentbank代理行，通知行Bankacceptance銀行承兌匯票bankclearing銀行票據(jù)交換Bankcopy銀行對賬單currentaccount活期存款賬戶Depositaccount定期存款賬戶electricbanking電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)Informationprocessingsystem信息處理系統(tǒng)financialservice金融服務(wù)Accountbalance賬戶結(jié)余retailcustomer小額客戶Wiretransfer電匯on-lineservice在線服務(wù)Accountingsystem記賬系統(tǒng)personalcomputer個人電腦Transactionhistory交易記錄Claimfordamage損失賠償要求insurancecertificate保險憑證Loratio賠付率insuranceclause保險條款I(lǐng)nsuranceagent保險代理人insuranceindemnities保險賠償Insurablerisks可保風險theinsured投保人
Insurer承保人premium保費
Policy保單coverage險種
Claim索賠policyholder保單持有人Thedeductible絕對免賠額Bluechip藍籌股（熱門股）stockbroker股票經(jīng)紀人Growthshare增長股defensivestock防衛(wèi)性股Stockmanagement股份經(jīng)營joint-stocksystem股份制度Publiccompany股票公開上市公司shareworth股票值
Equityfinance增股籌資debtfinance舉債籌資
Stockexchange股票交易所stockindex股票指數(shù)
Financialdifficulty財政困難expectedprofitability預期效益
TheStandard&Poor’s500Index標準普爾500種股票價格綜合指數(shù)
DowJonesIndustrialAverage道瓊斯工業(yè)股票價格平均指數(shù)句子翻譯：1.Generallyspeaking,managersperformfourbasicmanagementfunctions.(一般來說管理者
應履行四項基本職能)
http://emrowgh.com anizationsexisttoachievesomepurpose.(組織存在是為了實現(xiàn)某一項目標)
3.Thetextbookonmanagementisorganizedaroundmanagementfunctions.(管理類教科書是
按管理的職能編排的)
4.Managementshouldberesponsiblefordefiningorganization’sgoalsandestablishingan
overallstrategy.(管理負責擬定機構(gòu)的目標，制定全面策略)
5.Theleadingfunctioninvolvesmotivatingsubordinates,resolvingconflictsamongmembers
anddirectingtheiractions.(領(lǐng)導職能包括激勵下屬，解決員工間的糾紛，指揮他們的行動)
6.Theactualperformanceoftheorganizationmustbecomparedwiththepreviouslyset
goals.(組織的計劃實施情況必須與預先設(shè)定的目標進行比較)
7.Oncetherearesignificantdeviations,managementshouldcorrecttheorganization’s
performance.(如果一旦出現(xiàn)重大的偏差，管理者必須立即糾正機構(gòu)的行為)
8.Thecontrollingfunctionisperformedtoensureeverythinggoeswellintheorganization.(履
行控制職能以確保機構(gòu)內(nèi)一切正常運行)1.Theinformationderivedfromareportprovidedbypersonneldepartment.(這個信息來自人
事部提供的一份報告)
2.Managementisabletoestimateshortage——bothinnumberandintypeafteritassessed
thecurrentstatusandfutureneeds.(在對現(xiàn)狀和將來的需求進行評估后管理可以估算在數(shù)量和類型上計算出缺少)
3.Ajobspecificationisconcernedwiththeknowledgeskillsandabilitiesneededtodoacertain4.
5.job.(工作規(guī)范書關(guān)于做某項工作所需的知識、技術(shù)和能力)Managementkeepsitsattentiononhumanresourceplanning.(管理主要把注意力集中在人力資源計劃上)Bykeepinganinventoryofanorganization’shumanresource,managementwillknowwhat
talentsandskillsresourceareavailableinthefirm.(通過保持組織的人力資源狀況表，管理者將會知道現(xiàn)在公司有什么樣的人才和技術(shù)資源)
Employeescanbeinterviewedindividuallyorinagroup.(員工可以單獨或集體接受面試)
Ajobdescriptionandjobspecificationassistmanagersindeterminingwhetherthecandidatesarequalifiedornot.(工作說明書和工作規(guī)范書協(xié)助管理者決定求職者是否合格)
Oneofthemethodsforanalyzingajobistohaveemployeesrecordtheirdailyactivitiesinadiaryornotebook.(分析工作其中一個方法是讓員工在日志或記錄本上記下他們的日�；顒�)6.7.8.
1.Thesalariesoftheemployeesarepaidintheformofcash.(員工的薪水是以現(xiàn)金形式支付
的)
2.Oneofthedutiesoffinancialmanagementistominimizetheamountofcash.(財務(wù)經(jīng)理的
其中一項職責是使現(xiàn)金數(shù)量減少到最低限額)
3.Someamountoffundsmustbeavailabletomakeinterestpaymentsdueonloans.(一些資金
一定要用以支付到期的貸款利息)
4.Whethercashmanagementisefficientornotmakesagreatdifferencebetweenmaking
moneyorlosingitforthecompany.(現(xiàn)金管理是否有效率給公司的盈虧帶來很大的差異)
http://emrowgh.com sktopcomputersgivefinancialmanagersaccetobalanceonbankaccount.(桌面電腦為
財務(wù)經(jīng)理了解銀行賬戶的收支情況提供了渠道
6.Excefundswhicharenotearninginterestcanbemovedinstantlytoinvestment.(沒有盈利
的超額資金應該移出到投資處)
7.Thepresidentbeganpayingattentiontomanagingthecompany’scash.(經(jīng)理開始留意管理
公司的現(xiàn)金)
8.Thecompanywithlargeannualsalesonlykeeps10,000dollarsinaccount.(有龐大年銷售額
的公司只留一萬美元現(xiàn)金在賬上)1.TQMisadoptedbyagrowingnumberofcompanies.(全面質(zhì)量管理被越來越多的公司采用)
2.Totalqualitymanagementinvolvestheorganizationinanall-outefforttoimprovequality.(全
面質(zhì)量管理包括組織用盡全力去提高質(zhì)量)
3.Theobjectiveofqualitycontrolistoprovideproductswithhigherandbetterqualityfor4.
5.6.7.8.customers.(質(zhì)量控制的目的是為顧客提供質(zhì)量更好更高的產(chǎn)品)Managementrewardsemployeesfortheircontributiontomeetingthequalitystandards.(管理會為員工對符合質(zhì)量標準而做的貢獻進行獎勵)Someorganizationsencouragetheiremployeestoputtheirproblem-solvingtechniquestopracticalwork.(一些公司鼓勵它們的員工把解決問題的能力應用于實際工作中)Representativesacceptingtrainingcomefromdifferentdivisionsofthefirm.(接受培訓的代表們來自公司的各個部門)Everyemployeeoftheorganizationbearsamajorresponsibilityforqualityimprovement.(組織的每位員工對提高質(zhì)量負有重大責任)Threeprinciplesshouldbefollowedtoimplementtotalqualitymanagement.(實施全面質(zhì)量
管理應遵循三條基本原則)1.Thepoliciesandactivitiesofacompanyshouldbedirectedtowardsatisfyingcustomer
needs.(公司的政策和活動應致力于滿足客戶需求)
2.Successfulmarketingrequirestimelyandrelevantmarketinformation.(成功的營銷要求及時
和相關(guān)的市場資訊)
3.It’simportanttokeepupwithcompetitor’smarketstrategiesandmakeadjustmenttoone’s
own.(跟上競爭營銷策略的步伐和調(diào)整自身的策略很重要)
4.Agoodstrategyhelpsabusinefocusonthetargetmarketitcanservebest.(一個好的策略
幫助企業(yè)專注于它所能最好服務(wù)的目標市場)
5.Goodsalesmanshipisveryimportantforsmallbusinebecauseoftheirlimitedabilityto
spendonadvertisement.(好的推銷技術(shù)對于小公司來說很重要因為其能用于廣告的花費是有限的)
6.Workingthroughestablisheddistributionagentsgenerallyiseasiestformanufacturers.(通過
已有的經(jīng)銷商或代理商工作對制造廠來說是很簡單的)
7.Locationisnotsoimportantforproductswhichcustomersarewillingtogooutoftheirway
tofind.(地理位置對于產(chǎn)品來說不是那么重要因為顧客愿意費力尋找的)
8.Tomakesurebusineisrunninghealthyontrack,entrepreneursshouldaudittheir
company’sperformanceatleastquarterlyeachyear.(為了確保企業(yè)在健康的軌道上運行，企業(yè)家們應當每個季度審核公司的運行情況)1.Electronicbankingreferstoprocebywhichacustomermayperformbankingtransactions
electronicallywithoutvisitingaphysicalinstitution.(電子銀行指的是顧客電子地處理金融交易而不是去實體機構(gòu)的過程)
2.BothlargeandsmallbankinginstitutionsarenowofferingavarietyofInternetbased
financialservice.(大小金融機構(gòu)現(xiàn)在都有提供各種基于因特網(wǎng)的金融服務(wù))
3.Otherorganizationsmaychoosetoexpandtheircustomersbasetowideronlyageographic
areabyacceptingon-lineapplicationsforloananddepositproducts.(其他組織也許會通過接受在線貸款和儲蓄的申請在更多的地區(qū)拓展客戶)
4.OnlyaverysmallnumberofbankingorganizationsarefocusingontheInternetastheir
primarydeliverychannel.(只有極少數(shù)的金融機構(gòu)潛心于將因特網(wǎng)作為首要的交付途徑來發(fā)展)
Theseservicesspeciallyincludepayroll,automatedclearingandwiretransfer.(這些服務(wù)專門包括的自動結(jié)算服務(wù)和電匯服務(wù))
TransactionsinitiatedthroughthissystemareprocessedbyaseparateInternetbankingapplicationandperiodicallysenttotheinstitution’sgeneralledger,depositandloanaccountingsystem.(交易啟動后，由單獨的網(wǎng)絡(luò)金融機構(gòu)程序進行處理并定時將結(jié)果傳送至金融機構(gòu)的總賬、儲蓄和貸款的記賬系統(tǒng)中)
Telephonebankinggenerallyallowscustomerstocheckaccountbalancestransactionsandpaybillsthroughvoiceresponsesystem.(電話銀行業(yè)務(wù)允許客戶通過語音應答系統(tǒng)查詢賬戶結(jié)余)
E-bankingcanimproveabank’sefficiencyandcompetitiveness.(電子銀行業(yè)務(wù)能提高銀行的效率和競爭力)5.6.7.8.
1.Insurancecompaniesmustgatheragreatdealofinformationbeforesettingpremiums.(保險
公司在設(shè)置保險金額前必須收集大量信息)
2.Theamountofthepremiumforaspecifictypeofriskismainlybasedonthepossiblelosses
thatmayoccurinthefuture.(一個具體類型的風險所保的保險總額主要以將來可能出現(xiàn)的損失為依據(jù))
3.Insurerswilldecidewhichriskstoinsure.(投保人將決定保哪些險種)
4.Insurancecompaniesdonotcountonpayingforasinglepolicyholder’slossesoutofthe
premiumpaidbythatparticularpolicyholder.(保險公司不會指望支付某個投保人由一個普通保單持有人所買下的超出保險金額的損失買單)
5.Mostinsurancecompaniesarenotlikelytoconsiderissuingthissortofinsurance.(大多數(shù)保
險公司不可能考慮發(fā)行這種保險)
6.Insurancecompaniesarenotwillingtopayoutonallpoliciesatthesametime.(保險公司不
愿意同時賠付所有的保單)
7.Unemploymentthreatenssomanypeople,sounemploymentinsuranceiswildlyeasyto
comeby.(失業(yè)威脅著許多人，所以失業(yè)保險被通常很容易獲得)
8.Lossesresultingfromdeliberateactionsoftheinsuredarenotcoveredinthispolicy.(因投保
人的故意行為所造成的損失不在這項保單所保的范圍之內(nèi)) http://emrowgh.com panieswishingtoraisemoremoneyforexpansioncanissuemoreshares.(希望籌集更
多資金的公司可以發(fā)行更多的股票)
2.Stockholderstradesharesonstockexchange.(股票持有人在股票交易所交易股票)
3.TheDowJonesIndustrialAverageisbasedonthepricesofthestocksof30majorUS
companies.(道瓊斯工業(yè)股票價格平均指數(shù)是以30個主要的美國公司的股票價格為基礎(chǔ)的)
Thecompanyhasrunintothefinancialdifficultyforitspoormanagement.(這個公司因為他們貧乏的管理而遇到了財政困難)
Thepricesofsharesonstockexchangearedeterminedbythesupplyanddemandinthesecompanies.(股票交易所的股票價格是由這些公司的股票供求關(guān)系所決定的)
Comparedtobonds,stocksoffertheholderhigherrisksandpotentiallyhigherreturn.(與證券相比，股票在提供高風險的同時也潛在地提供了高收益)
Thecompanysellsbondstofinancethenewproject.(這個公司通過賣證券來自助這一新項目)
Whenpeopleexpectthatacompanywillhavelittleprofit,thepriceofthecompany’sstockwillfall.(當人們預期到這個公司將會有很少的盈利時，該公司的股價就會下跌)4.5.6.7.8.
簡答
1.Fourbasicmanagementfunctions:planningorganizingleadingcontrolling.
2.Currentassessmentincludes:generatingahumanresourceinventoryandmakingajob
analysis.
3.Thedifferencebetweenjobdescriptionandjobspecification:Jobdescriptiondescribesjob
content,environment,andconditionsofemployment.Itfocusesonthejob.Jobspecificationfocusesontheperson.Itdefinestheknowledge,skillsandabilitiesneededtoperformthejobeffectively.
4.Fivemethodsforanalyzingajob:theobservationmethod,interview,theuseof
questionnaire,theuseoftechnicalconferenceanddailyactivityrecording.
5.Howcanafinancialmanagerminimizeafirm’sneeds?Andtowhatextent?Paybillsaslate
aspossibleandcollectmoneyowedtothefirmasquickaspossibleaslongastheydonotdamagethefirm’screditratingorcostmorethantheysave.
6.Thecontrolleddisbursementaccount:referstoasystemthatletsafirmknowhowmany
checksandinwhatamountswillclearwhatbanksatwhattime.
7.ThreeprinciplesofTQM:theobjectiveofqualitycontrolistoachieveconstantandcontinual
improvementinquality;thefocusofqualityimprovementisoneveryproceinthe
organization;employeesbearamajorresponsibilityforqualityimprovement.
8.FourelementsinimplementingTQM:communicatingtheneedforquality,training
employeesintheskillsandknowledgeofquality,securingemployeeinvolvementinquality,rewardingforquality.
9.Whatisthequalityauditandwhyisitconducted?Itreferstoacarefulstudyofeveryfactor
thataffectsqualityinanactivityorinprocess.Itisconductedtoidentifyqualityproblemsanddiscovernewwaystoimprovequality.
10.Marketingworksprimarilyontwoprinciples:allcompanypoliciesandstrategiesshouldbe
directedtowardsatisfyingcustomerneeds.Profitablesalesvolumeismoreimportantthanmaximumsalesvolume.
11.Themainfunctionsofmarketingresearch:(1)Touncoverdissatisfactionorpossiblenew
productsorservices.(2)Toidentifytrendsthataffectsalesandprofitability.(3)Toidentifyproblemsandopportunities.(4)Tokeepupwithcompetitor’smarketstrategies.
12.Fourcomponentsofmarketingprogram:productandservice,promotion,pricingand
distribution.
13.E-bankingservicescomprisepersonalcomputerbankingthroughtraditionalproprietary
communicationchannels,retailandcorporateInternetbankingservices,telephonebanking,andpotentiallyotherformsofremoteelectronicaccetobankingservices.
14.Whydomoreandmorefinancialinstitutionseagertoadopte-banking?Becausee-banking
canimproveabank’sefficiencyandcompetitiveness,existingandpotentialcustomerscanbenefitfromagreaterdegreeofconvenienceineffectingtransaction.Thisincreasedlevelofconvenience,whencombinedwithnewservices,canexpandthebank’stargetcustomersbeyondthoseintraditionalmarkets.
15.Thedeductible:theinsurancecompanywillpayonlythatpartofalogreaterthanan
amountstatedinthepolicy.Itrepresentssmalllossesthattheinsuredhasagreedtoabsorb.
16.Stockindexesreflectfutureeconomicconditions.
17.Whenpeoplebecomeoptimisticaboutacompany’sfuture,thepriceofashareofthestock
rises;whenpeoplecometoexpectacompanytohavelittleprofitorevenlosses,thepriceofasharefails.
商務(wù)英語閱讀期末復習重點句子
1、Butthey’realsoissuedordersthatwouldbeseenimproper“intervention”intheWest—forexample,callinglastweekonstateindustries,includingsteelandconstruction,to“activelyincrease”theirrolesintheeconomybybuyingupnewassetsathomeandabroad.
但他們也發(fā)布在西方國家眼里是不合理的干涉的命令，例如，上周中國官員召集包括鋼鐵建筑等行業(yè)的國有行業(yè)并購國內(nèi)外新資產(chǎn)以積極發(fā)揮在經(jīng)濟中的作用。
2、ThisbalancebetweenfreeandmanagedmarketscanalsobeseeninChina’sapproachtopricefixingandmacro-economiccontrolinkeysectorslikefinancialservices,telecoms,utilitiesandenergy.Someoftheseindustriesarepartiallyprivatized—intelecoms,equipmentmarketsareopentoforeigners,becausetheybringcapitalandexpertisethateventuallytricklesdowntolocalfirms,likethenowinternationallycompetitiveHuawei.Butthemorelucrativeservicesmarketisstillrunbyauthorities,whosetpricesonmobile-phonecalls.
這個這個平衡自由和管理市場中也能看到在關(guān)鍵領(lǐng)域如金融服務(wù)、電信、公用事業(yè)和能源中用中國的方法來操縱價格和宏觀經(jīng)濟控制。這些行業(yè)的一些部分私有化了，在電信、設(shè)備市場都對外國人開放,因為他們帶來最終惠及當?shù)毓镜馁Y本和專業(yè)知識,像現(xiàn)在的有國際競爭力的華為。但是更有利可圖的服務(wù)市場仍由給移動電話定價的當局經(jīng)營。
3、Butchangeisuponus.Thedevelopedworldofthehavesisstrugglingtorestartgrowthandpreservewelfarestates,whiletheworldoftheoncehave-notshassurgedoutofthedownturn.BigemergingeconomicslikeChinaandIndianhavediscoverednewsourcesofdomesticdemand.
但是變化已經(jīng)來臨。發(fā)達國家的富人正在努力重啟增長和維持福利國家,而世界上的窮人一旦經(jīng)濟猛增走出低迷。像中國和印度這樣大的新興經(jīng)濟體已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了國內(nèi)需求的新來源。
4、Asbillionsofpoorpeoplebecomemoreprosperous,theywillbeabletoaffordthecomfortstheircounterpartsintherichworldhavelongconsideredthenormalappurtenancesoflife.
由于數(shù)以億計的窮人更繁榮,他們將能夠負擔得起那些他們同行在發(fā)達國家長期以來認為是生活附屬物的享受。
5、Chinaistiredofbeinglecturedtobythosewhoseemunabletomanagetheirowneconomicsparticularlywell.U.S.politicians,withaneartotheirconstituents,arelobbyingforprotectivetariffsifChinadoesnotallowitscurrencyappreciate.
中國厭倦了被那些似乎無法將自己的經(jīng)濟管理的特別好的國家說教。如果中國不允許其貨幣升值的話，那些密切關(guān)注選民意向的美國政客將游說政府征收保護性關(guān)稅,
6、Yettheunmediatedriftbetweencountries,eachdesperatetopreserveitsedgeintheglobaleconomicgame,isnoteventhemostseriousdivisionthatpolicymakershavetocontendwith.That,rather,iswhattheWEF’sGlobalRiskscallseconomicdisparity.
然而無中介的成員國之間的裂痕,每個都渴望保持其在全球經(jīng)濟游戲中的優(yōu)勢,甚至不是政策制定者必須面對的最嚴重的部門。相反,是世界經(jīng)濟論壇全球風險經(jīng)濟差距的調(diào)用。
1
7、Butthisparticularrecessionwastriggeredbyafinancialcrisisthatdamagedthefinancialsystem’sabilitytochannelsavingstoproductiveinvestmentandleftconsumersandbusinessesstrugglingwithsurplusbuildings,equipmentanddebtaccumulatedintheboom.Recoveryafterthatkindofcrisisisoftenslowandweak,andindeedsomeninemonthsintotheupturnGDPhasprobablygrownatanannualrateoflethan4%.Unemploymentiswellupthroughoutthecountry(seemap),thoughitdeclinedslightlyinFebruary.
但是由于本次經(jīng)濟蕭條是由金融危機引發(fā)的，后者嚴重削弱了金融體制有效分流投資的能力，使消費者和企業(yè)在經(jīng)濟繁榮期積累下的多余建筑、裝備和債務(wù)中費力掙扎。這樣的經(jīng)濟危機之后的復蘇通常緩慢無力，實際上經(jīng)濟復蘇大約九個月后GDP的年增長率仍在4%的水平。失業(yè)率在全國范圍內(nèi)突飛猛進，盡管二月曾有小幅下降。
8、Forthepresenttheriseofknowledge-intensiveglobalindustriesfavorscentersrichininfrastructureandspecializedskills.
現(xiàn)在全球范圍內(nèi)不斷崛起的知識密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)更加青睞那些擁有優(yōu)良基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和熟練專業(yè)技能的城市中心。
9、“There’saworldviewthattheUnitedStatesistheconsumeroftheworldandemergingmarketsaretheproducer,”saysBruceKasman,chiefeconomistatJPMorganChase.“Thathaschanged.”HereckonsthatAmericawillaccountforjust27%ofglobalconsumptionthisyearagainstemergingmarkets’34%,roughlythereverseoftheirshareseightyearsago.
“以前有一種觀點，即美國是世界消費者而新興市場是制造商，”摩根大通首席經(jīng)濟學家BruceKasman如是說。“但這種情形已經(jīng)改變了�！彼J為美國今年僅會在全球消費中占到27%的比重，而新興市場會占34%，這與八年前的情形剛好相反。
10、Startwithhistory.ThemodernconceptionofaunitedEuropewasbornintheembersofWorldWar2andresteduponthenotionthatbindingGermany’sfortunestothoseofFranceandtherestofEuropecouldendtheviolencethathadregularlyengulfedthecontinentforcenturies.JudgedbythatmeasuretheEUhasworkedoutfine.
以歷史為開端�，F(xiàn)代意義上的一個統(tǒng)一的歐洲出生于二戰(zhàn)的余燼之中，基于將德國的命運與法國和歐洲其他國家聯(lián)合在一起的概念可以結(jié)束定期吞沒了大陸幾個世紀的暴力。依據(jù)這個措施歐盟已經(jīng)解決的很好了。
11、WhileJapansuffersfrommanyproblems,mostprominentlytherapidgrayingofitssociety,itisthisdeclineofaoncewealthyanddynamicnationintoadeepsocialandculturalrutthatisperhapsJapan’smostominouslessonfortheworldtoday.
而日本存在許多問題,最突出的快速老齡化的社會,正是這種下降使一個曾經(jīng)富有的和動態(tài)的國家社會和文化陷入了深深的車轍，這也許是日本對于如今的世界最不祥的教訓。
12、Japanhasalreadycreatedanentiregenerationofyoungpeoplewhosaytheyhavegivenuponbelievingthattheycaneverenjoythejobstabilityorrisinglivingstandardsthatwereonceconsideredabirthrighthere。
日本已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造了整整一代聲稱已經(jīng)放棄相信他們能享受工作穩(wěn)定或不斷上升的生活2
水平的年輕人，而這些享受曾被認為是一種與生俱來的權(quán)利。
13、Ithelpstostartwithaclear-eyedviewofSmoot-Hawleyitself,whichwasjustoneofmanymistakescommittedbyDepression-erapolicy-makers—andnotthemostconsequentialofthem.Ifwewanttoavoidthesortofdestructive,beggar-thy-neighbortradewarsthatcontributedtobringingdowntheworldeconomyinthe1930s,wehavetodrawtherightlessonsfromthischapterofourhistory.
它有助于以斯穆特--霍利稅法本身有遠見的觀點為開始,這不是大蕭條時期政策制定者犯下的許多錯誤中最重要的一個。如果我們想避免那種具有破壞性的,以鄰為壑的在1930年代導致世界經(jīng)濟下降的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)爭,我們必須從我們歷史的這一章中吸取正確的教訓。
14、Countriesthatclungtothegoldstandardwereforcedtomaintaintightmonetarypolicies.Becausetheycouldnotprintmoneytocounteractthedeflationaryforcesthathadtakenholdoftheworldeconomy,theyimposedhighertariffs,importquotasandexchangecontrolstorestrictimports.
堅持金本位制的國家被迫保持緊縮的貨幣政策。因為他們不能通過印鈔票來抵消影響世界經(jīng)濟的貶值壓力,他們開始通過提高關(guān)稅、進口配額、外匯管制來限制進口。
15、Thegreatconcernisthatanexpansionarymonetarypolicywillleadtouncontrolledinflation,destroyingfaithinthedollar.Similarsentimentswereexpressedinthe1930sbyadvocatesof"soundmoney"whoopposedgoingoffthegoldstandard.Suchfearsmaybejustifiedinordinarytimesoffullemployment,butwhenthereisconsiderableslackintheeconomyandunemploymentremainshigh,monetarypolicycanhelptoraiseoutputbeforeitleadstohigherprices.
一個很大的擔憂是,擴張性的貨幣政策將導致無法控制的通貨膨脹,并摧毀美元的信譽。類似的情緒在1930年代由反對放棄金本位制主張“穩(wěn)健貨幣”的倡導者表達過。這種擔憂在平時充分就業(yè)時可能被認為是合理的,但當有經(jīng)濟大蕭條和居高不下的失業(yè)率時,貨幣政策有助于在它導致更高的價格水平之前增加產(chǎn)出。
16、With275retailstoresinninecountries,a73%shareoftheU.S.MP3playermarket,andtheundisputedleadershippositionininnovationwhenitcomestomobilephones,AppleanditsCEOarenoone'sideaofunderdogsanymore.
蘋果在9個國家開設(shè)了275家零售店,在美國MP3播放器市場占有73％的份額,自從推出移動手機（iPhone）之后,它又無可爭議地確立了它在創(chuàng)新上的領(lǐng)袖地位.蘋果和她的CEO不再是毫無想法的失敗者。
17、Jobswasinitiallymumaswellaboutastockoptionsbackdatingscandalthatembroiledthecompany’sformerfinancechiefandgeneralcounsel.InaneventualSECfiling,ApplesaidJobswasawarethatthecompanyhadadjustedoptiongrantdatessothatthegrantsweremoreprofitableforemployees.Jobsapologizedforthebackdating,callingtheepisode“completelyoutofcharacterforApple”.
對于那起將蘋果前首席財務(wù)官和法律顧問都牽連進去的股票期權(quán)倒填日期丑聞,喬布斯一開始保持沉默態(tài)度.在最后提交給證券交易委員會的文件中,蘋果承認喬布斯在這件事上是知情的.為此,喬布斯公開發(fā)表了道歉,并且聲稱這個小插曲絕非蘋果的本性.
18、Theinvestment-bankingindustrywasfurtherconstrainedduringtheDepressionofthe1930s,whenWallStreetfirmssuchasthatfoundedbyMorganweresplitintocommercialbanksandsecuritieshouses.Thelatter—today'sinvestmentbanks—underwritestocksandbondsandadvisecompaniesonmergersandacquisitions,ratherthancollectdepositsandmakeloans.
在上個世紀30年代的大蕭條（theDepressionofthe1930s）期間投資銀行業(yè)受到進一步的抑制，華爾街的許多公司（比方說摩根創(chuàng)立的公司）被拆分為商業(yè)銀行和證券交易所。后者即今天的投資銀行，它承銷股票和債券，并就企業(yè)合并和收購事宜為公司提供咨詢服務(wù)，而不經(jīng)營存、貸款業(yè)務(wù)。
19、TheopeningupofAsianeconomieshasbroughtdownthepriceoftradedgoods,helpingtofightinflation.Meanwhile,highsavingsratesinthatpartoftheworld,combinedwithageingpopulationsintheWest,havehelpedtopushupdemandforlong-terminvestmentinstrumentssuchasbonds.
亞洲經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展降低了貿(mào)易商品的價格，也有助于抑制通貨膨脹。同時，亞洲地區(qū)的高儲蓄率和西方老齡化的人口都推動了對債券這類長期投資工具需求的增加。
20、Giventhemarkets'increasingcomplexity,howdoinvestmentbanksmanagethegrowingriskstheyface?Therearelotsofthingstheyneedtodo,fromfindingenoughbrainboxescapableofhandlingtheintricateassetsbeingcreatedtomeasuringthecorrelationsbetweeninstrumentsthataresupposedtospreadriskbutmaydotheoppositeifliquiditydriesup.Itismildlyreassuringthathardlyaweekgoesbywithoutregulatorsintheworld'smainmarketspressingtheindustrytoimproveitsrisk-managementtechniques—butratherworryingthatthesameregulatorspayconsiderablyleattentiontowheretheriskmayendup.
鑒于這些市場的復雜性不斷增加，投資銀行如何才能應付它們所面對的不斷增加的風險？它們必須做許多事情，一件事就是要找到足夠的處理創(chuàng)造出的復雜資產(chǎn)的智囊，還有一件就是要衡量用于分散風險但也許在流動性枯竭之后產(chǎn)生相反效果的金融工具之間的相互關(guān)系。稍微有點讓人放心的是：沒有哪個星期世界主要市場的監(jiān)管者不敦促該行業(yè)改善風險管理技術(shù)。但讓人很擔心的是：上述的這些監(jiān)管者卻不太關(guān)注風險會在哪里結(jié)束。