直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，如果它是問(wèn)句它前面通常有或即疑問(wèn)詞如，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，一個(gè)分詞動(dòng)名詞不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句反過(guò)來(lái)也如此。
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全
句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
Ⅰ．簡(jiǎn)單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1781句型的轉(zhuǎn)換是指一個(gè)句子由一種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)榱硪环N語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不改變其原來(lái)的意義。這是一種有用的練習(xí)，可以學(xué)會(huì)許多不同的說(shuō)法，能從幾個(gè)句子中挑選出最適當(dāng)?shù)木渥有问健?/p>
A．主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也可從被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（參閱1207—1209）：
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．
Theyputhimtodeath．
Hewasputtodeath．
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．
B．肯定句與否定句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由肯定形式變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问剑部捎煞穸ㄐ问阶優(yōu)榭隙ㄐ问剑篒amdoubtfulofhishonesty．
Iamnotsureofhishonesty．
Fewunderstandit．
Notmanyunderstandit．
Heissometimessilly．
Heisnotalwaysclever．
Itistidy．
Itisnotuntidy．
Healwaysobjected．
Heneveragreed．
Hefailedtocome．
Hedidnotcome．
Shetoldthestorywithtears．
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．
Onlyheknowsit．
Nobodyelseknowsit．
Helackscourage．
Heiswithoutcourage．
Heisverytired．
Heisnotalittletired．
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．
C．反問(wèn)型問(wèn)句與陳述句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
反問(wèn)型問(wèn)句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌篒sthatthewaytotreatyourwife？
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．
CanIsayanything？
Icannotsayanything．
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．
Whocaresaboutyou？
Nobodycaresaboutyou．
WhyshouldIapologize？
Ishouldnotapologize．
D．不同詞類(lèi)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
幾乎任何詞類(lèi)都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為另一詞類(lèi)。可以是：
1．動(dòng)詞與名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ourenemyisstrengthening．
Ourenemyisgainingstrength．
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．
Johndisgracesourfamily．
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．
2．動(dòng)詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heneglectsmyadvice．
Heisnegligentofmyadvice．
Hefearsnothing．
Heisafraidofnothing．
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．Theymadethestreetwideandlong．
3．動(dòng)詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
HesucceededinadvisingMary．Itsmellsgood．
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．
4．名詞與形容詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heisamanofwealth．
Heisawealthyman．
Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．
Heisaheartlesshusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．
Thispolicyisveryimportant．
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．
5．名詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Pleasehandleitwithcare．
Pleasehandleitcarefully．
Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．
Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．
6．形容詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Hehateshardwork．
Hehatestoworkhard．
7．介詞與連詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．
Iwillwaituntilhereturns．
圖解：
Ⅱ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1782一個(gè)分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，反過(guò)來(lái)也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．
Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．
Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．
Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．
Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．
Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．
Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Withallhisefforts，hefailed．
Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．
Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．
Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．
Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．
圖解：
Ⅲ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)雜句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1783一個(gè)詞或是短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~從句、定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，反過(guò)來(lái)也如此：
A．名詞從句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．
Ibelieveyourstatement．
Ibelievewhatyoustate．
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．Ilearnofhissuccess．
Ilearnthathehassucceeded．
Hisarrivalisagreatevent．
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．
圖解：
B．定語(yǔ)從句
Heisaself－mademan．
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．
Shewearsasea－blueskirt．
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．
Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．
Ihavenothingtosay．
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．
圖解：
C．狀語(yǔ)從句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．
Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．
Hediedinhisnativeplace．
Hediedwherehewasborn．
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．
Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．
Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．
Unlessitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．
Heistootiredtoworkanymore．
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．
注：1782中大部分短語(yǔ)不僅可以變?yōu)椴⒘械姆志�，也可以變�(yōu)闋钫Z(yǔ)從句。圖解：
Ⅳ．復(fù)雜句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．
Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．
Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．
Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．
Heispoor，butheisproud．
Althoughheispoor，heisproud．
Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．
Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．
Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．
Unlesshelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．
Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．
Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．圖解：
Ⅴ．直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1785說(shuō)話人講的話可以用兩種方式來(lái)引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語(yǔ)。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”為直接引語(yǔ)。如果按引用人的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)引用，則稱為間接引語(yǔ)。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．為間接引語(yǔ)。Said這樣的動(dòng)詞稱為引話動(dòng)詞，它前面的主語(yǔ)，例如he，可稱為第一主語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)，如I及he，稱為第二主語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞稱為第二動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)，或間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，有幾個(gè)問(wèn)題需要注意。
A．大寫(xiě)與標(biāo)點(diǎn)
直接引語(yǔ)放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)，第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)，引號(hào)前加逗號(hào)（間或用冒號(hào)），引語(yǔ)末加句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)，但在間接引語(yǔ)中卻不加這些。間接引語(yǔ)必須由that，whether（if）或疑問(wèn)詞（who，why，when等）開(kāi)頭，末尾要加句號(hào)。此外，在直接引語(yǔ)中問(wèn)句可能有倒裝語(yǔ)序（助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面），但在間接引語(yǔ)中，問(wèn)句則需變?yōu)樽匀徽Z(yǔ)序：
Isay，“Hewillcome．”
Isaythathewillcome．
Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”
Iaskwhenhewillcome．
B．引話動(dòng)詞與第二動(dòng)詞
引話動(dòng)詞可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。
若引話動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，則當(dāng)引語(yǔ)由直接變?yōu)殚g接時(shí)，第二動(dòng)詞照舊不變。
但若引話動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的第二動(dòng)詞，就要由現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)，由過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)等。
Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）onSunday．
C．引話動(dòng)詞與連詞
1．如果間接引語(yǔ)為陳述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…
2．如果它是問(wèn)句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（ofhim）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknowwhether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑問(wèn)詞，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…
3．如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…
4．如果間接引語(yǔ)為祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，requestthat，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助動(dòng)詞should．此外間接引語(yǔ)還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為不定式短語(yǔ)，這時(shí)引話動(dòng)詞需要改為賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞：
1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．
Isaidthathewasaniceboy．
Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．
2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．
Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．
Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．
3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．
Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．
Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．
Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”
Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．
4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．
Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”
Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．
Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．
D．代詞
此外還要注意，把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語(yǔ)中代詞為第一人稱，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，將變?yōu)榕c第一主語(yǔ)一致的代詞。
Isaid，“Icandoit．”
IsaidthatIcoulddoit．
Hesaid，“Imustgo．”
Hesaidthathemustgo．
Yousaid，“Iknow．”
Yousaidthatyouknew．
Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”
Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．
Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”
Theysaidthattheymustgo．
Isaid“Wecandoit．”
Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引語(yǔ)中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語(yǔ)中它將變成與引話動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)一致的人稱：
Itoldhim，“Youareright．”
Itoldhimthathewasright．
Itoldyou，“Youareright．”
Itoldyouthatyouwereright．
Hetoldme，“Youareright．”
HetoldmethatIwasright．
Hetoldus，“Youareright．”
Hetoldusthatwewereright．
Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”
Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”
Tosomebody也可看作是賓語(yǔ)：
Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”
HesaidtomethatIwasright．
Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”
Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．
引話動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略，但它在間接引語(yǔ)中可能需要說(shuō)出來(lái)：
TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”
…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．
如果在直接引語(yǔ)中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語(yǔ)中，它可以保持不變：
Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”
Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．
Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”
Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．
Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”
Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．
Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（這兩個(gè)he代表兩個(gè)不同的人）
Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．
還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語(yǔ)中，可以為任何“格”，而不僅僅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”
Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．
Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１
Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．
E．時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）
間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）可能和直接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）不同，這是因?yàn)樵瓉?lái)說(shuō)話人提到的時(shí)間可能與現(xiàn)在引話人提到的時(shí)間不同：
Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”
HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．
Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．
Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”
HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１
HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．
F．第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞的位置
在新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)中第一主語(yǔ)有時(shí)放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面：
SaidStevens，“…”
CommentsDr．Lee，“…”
BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”
第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞，除了放在直接引語(yǔ)前面外，還可放在其他位置：
Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”
“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不說(shuō)saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不說(shuō)saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰(shuí)說(shuō)的，第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞也可不必說(shuō)出。）
在第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞放在其他位置時(shí)，要注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：
Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”如果引話動(dòng)詞有較長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)，最好把它放在主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞前面，如果主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞在直接引語(yǔ)后面，長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)最好放在引話動(dòng)詞后面：
Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”
“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．
如果主語(yǔ)和引話動(dòng)詞放在直接引語(yǔ)的中間或后面，作主語(yǔ)的名詞可以放在引話動(dòng)詞
的后面或前面（若主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞后面）：
“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少說(shuō)saidhe）
“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少說(shuō)saysshe）Ⅵ．簡(jiǎn)單句的合并
1786兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可以合并成一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的句子，這種練習(xí)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作的人很有好處。兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句：
HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．
HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．
IcalledonMary．Marywasill．
IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．
Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．
Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbestarved．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個(gè)或更多句子變?yōu)槊~從句、定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，這樣來(lái)合并成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。
1．變成名詞從句：
Hehasarrived．Iknowit．
Iknowthathehasarrived．
Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．
Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．
Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．
Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．
Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．
Howheachievedthissuccessisunknowntome．
2．變成定語(yǔ)從句：
Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．
WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？
Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．
TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．
Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．
Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．
3．變成狀語(yǔ)從句：
Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．
WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．
Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．
Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．
Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．
Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．
Helooksstupid．Heisclever．
Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．
Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopasstheexam．
Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypasstheexam．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，也可以把其中一個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句變成一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，甚至一個(gè)詞，來(lái)合并成一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句：
Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．
Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位語(yǔ)代替一個(gè)句子）Hedied．Heisforgotten．
Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介詞短語(yǔ)代替句子）
Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．
Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)代替句子）
Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．
Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分詞代替句子）
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全--句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全--句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
Ⅰ．簡(jiǎn)單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1781句型的轉(zhuǎn)換是指一個(gè)句子由一種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)榱硪环N語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不改變其原來(lái)的意義。這是一種有用的練習(xí)，可以學(xué)會(huì)許多不同的說(shuō)法，能從幾個(gè)句子中挑選出最適當(dāng)?shù)木渥有问健?/p>
A．主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也可從被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（參閱1207—1209）：
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．
Theyputhimtodeath．
Hewasputtodeath．
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．
B．肯定句與否定句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由肯定形式變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问�，也可由否定形式變�(yōu)榭隙ㄐ问剑篒amdoubtfulofhishonesty．
Iamnotsureofhishonesty．
Fewunderstandit．
Notmanyunderstandit．
Heissometimessilly．
Heisnotalwaysclever．
Itistidy．
Itisnotuntidy．
Healwaysobjected．
Heneveragreed．
Hefailedtocome．
Hedidnotcome．
Shetoldthestorywithtears．
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．
Onlyheknowsit．
Nobodyelseknowsit．
Helackscourage．
Heiswithoutcourage．
Heisverytired．
Heisnotalittletired．
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．
C．反問(wèn)型問(wèn)句與陳述句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
反問(wèn)型問(wèn)句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌篒sthatthewaytotreatyourwife？
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．
CanIsayanything？
Icannotsayanything．
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．
Whocaresaboutyou？
Nobodycaresaboutyou．
WhyshouldIapologize？
Ishouldnotapologize．
D．不同詞類(lèi)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
幾乎任何詞類(lèi)都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為另一詞類(lèi)。可以是：
1．動(dòng)詞與名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ourenemyisstrengthening．
Ourenemyisgainingstrength．
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．
Johndisgracesourfamily．
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．
2．動(dòng)詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heneglectsmyadvice．
Heisnegligentofmyadvice．
Hefearsnothing．
Heisafraidofnothing．
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．Theymadethestreetwideandlong．
3．動(dòng)詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
HesucceededinadvisingMary．
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．Itsmellsgood．
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．
4．名詞與形容詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heisamanofwealth．
Heisawealthyman．
Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．
Heisaheartlehusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．
Thispolicyisveryimportant．
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．
5．名詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Pleasehandleitwithcare．
Pleasehandleitcarefully．
Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．
Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．
6．形容詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Hehateshardwork．
Hehatestoworkhard．
7．介詞與連詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．
Iwillwaituntilhereturns．
圖解：
Ⅱ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1782一個(gè)分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，反過(guò)來(lái)也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．
Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．
Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．
Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．
Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．
Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．
Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Withallhisefforts，hefailed．
Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．
Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．
Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．
Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．
圖解：
Ⅲ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)雜句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1783一個(gè)詞或是短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~從句、定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，反過(guò)來(lái)也如此：
A．名詞從句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．
Ibelieveyourstatement．
Ibelievewhatyoustate．
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．I
learnofhissuccess．
Ilearnthathehassucceeded．
Hisarrivalisagreatevent．
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．
圖解：
B．定語(yǔ)從句
Heisaself－mademan．
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．
Shewearsasea－blueskirt．
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．
Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．
Ihavenothingtosay．
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．
圖解：
C．狀語(yǔ)從句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．
Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．
Hediedinhisnativeplace．
Hediedwherehewasborn．
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．
Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．
Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．
Unleitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．
Heistootiredtoworkanymore．
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．
注：1782中大部分短語(yǔ)不僅可以變?yōu)椴⒘械姆志�，也可以變�(yōu)闋钫Z(yǔ)從句。圖解：
Ⅳ．復(fù)雜句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．
Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．
Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．
Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．
Heispoor，butheisproud．
Althoughheispoor，heisproud．
Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．
Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．
Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．
Unlehelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．
Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．
Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．圖解：
Ⅴ．直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1785說(shuō)話人講的話可以用兩種方式來(lái)引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語(yǔ)。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”為直接引語(yǔ)。如果按引用人的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)引用，則稱為間
接引語(yǔ)。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．為間接引語(yǔ)。Said這樣的動(dòng)詞稱為引話動(dòng)詞，它前面的主語(yǔ)，例如he，可稱為第一主語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)，如I及he，稱為第二主語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞稱為第二動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)，或間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，有幾個(gè)問(wèn)題需要注意。
A．大寫(xiě)與標(biāo)點(diǎn)
直接引語(yǔ)放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)，第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)，引號(hào)前加逗號(hào)（間或用冒號(hào)），引語(yǔ)末加句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)，但在間接引語(yǔ)中卻不加這些。間接引語(yǔ)必須由that，whether（if）或疑問(wèn)詞（who，why，when等）開(kāi)頭，末尾要加句號(hào)。此外，在直接引語(yǔ)中問(wèn)句可能有倒裝語(yǔ)序（助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面），但在間接引語(yǔ)中，問(wèn)句則需變?yōu)樽匀徽Z(yǔ)序：
Isay，“Hewillcome．”
Isaythathewillcome．
Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”
Iaskwhenhewillcome．
B．引話動(dòng)詞與第二動(dòng)詞
引話動(dòng)詞可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。
若引話動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，則當(dāng)引語(yǔ)由直接變?yōu)殚g接時(shí)，第二動(dòng)詞照舊不變。但若引話動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的第二動(dòng)詞，就要由現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)，由過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)等。
Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）onSunday．
C．引話動(dòng)詞與連詞
1．如果間接引語(yǔ)為陳述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…
2．如果它是問(wèn)句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（ofhim）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknowwhether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑問(wèn)詞，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…
3．如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…
4．如果間接引語(yǔ)為祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，requestthat，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助動(dòng)詞should．此外間接引語(yǔ)還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為不定式短語(yǔ)，這時(shí)引話動(dòng)詞需要改為賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞：
1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．
Isaidthathewasaniceboy．
Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．
2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．
Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．
Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．
3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．
Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．
Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．
Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”
Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．
4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．
Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”
Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．
Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．
D．代詞
此外還要注意，把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語(yǔ)中代詞為第一人稱，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，將變?yōu)榕c第一主語(yǔ)一致的代詞。
Isaid，“Icandoit．”
IsaidthatIcoulddoit．
Hesaid，“Imustgo．”
Hesaidthathemustgo．
Yousaid，“Iknow．”
Yousaidthatyouknew．
Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”
Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．
Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”
Theysaidthattheymustgo．
Isaid“Wecandoit．”
Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引語(yǔ)中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語(yǔ)中它將變成與引話動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)一致的人稱：
Itoldhim，“Youareright．”
Itoldhimthathewasright．
Itoldyou，“Youareright．”
Itoldyouthatyouwereright．
Hetoldme，“Youareright．”
HetoldmethatIwasright．
Hetoldus，“Youareright．”
Hetoldusthatwewereright．
Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”
Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”
Tosomebody也可看作是賓語(yǔ)：
Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”
HesaidtomethatIwasright．
Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”
Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．
引話動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略，但它在間接引語(yǔ)中可能需要說(shuō)出來(lái)：
TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．
如果在直接引語(yǔ)中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語(yǔ)中，它可以保持不變：
Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”
Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．
Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”
Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．
Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”
Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．
Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（這兩個(gè)he代表兩個(gè)不同的人）
Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．
還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語(yǔ)中，可以為任何“格”，而不僅僅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”
Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．
Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１
Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．
E．時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）
間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）可能和直接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）不同，這是因?yàn)樵瓉?lái)說(shuō)話人提到的時(shí)間可能與現(xiàn)在引話人提到的時(shí)間不同：
Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”
HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．
Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．
Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”
HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１
HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．
F．第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞的位置
在新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)中第一主語(yǔ)有時(shí)放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面：
SaidStevens，“…”
CommentsDr．Lee，“…”
BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”
第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞，除了放在直接引語(yǔ)前面外，還可放在其他位置：
Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”
“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不說(shuō)saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不說(shuō)saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰(shuí)說(shuō)的，第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞也可不必說(shuō)出。）
在第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞放在其他位置時(shí)，要注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：
Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”如果引話動(dòng)詞有較長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)，最好把它放在主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞前面，如果主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞在直接引語(yǔ)后面，長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)最好放在引話動(dòng)詞后面：
Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”
“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．
如果主語(yǔ)和引話動(dòng)詞放在直接引語(yǔ)的中間或后面，作主語(yǔ)的名詞可以放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面或前面（若主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞后面）：
“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少說(shuō)saidhe）
“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少說(shuō)saysshe）
Ⅵ．簡(jiǎn)單句的合并
1786兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可以合并成一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的句子，這種練習(xí)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作的人很有好處。兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句：
HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．
HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．
IcalledonMary．Marywasill．
IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．
Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．
Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbestarved．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個(gè)或更多句子變?yōu)槊~從句、定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，這樣來(lái)合并成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。
1．變成名詞從句：
Hehasarrived．Iknowit．
Iknowthathehasarrived．
Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．
Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．
Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．
Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．
Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．
Howheachievedthissucceisunknowntome．
2．變成定語(yǔ)從句：
Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．
WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？
Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．
TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．
Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．
Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．
3．變成狀語(yǔ)從句：
Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．
WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．
Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．
Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．
Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．
Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．
Helooksstupid．Heisclever．
Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．
Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopatheexam．
Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypatheexam．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，也可以把其中一個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句變成一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，甚至一個(gè)詞，來(lái)合并成一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句：
Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．
Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位語(yǔ)代替一個(gè)句子）Hedied．Heisforgotten．
Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介詞短語(yǔ)代替句子）
Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．
Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)代替句子）
Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．
Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分詞代替句子）
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全之句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
Ⅰ．簡(jiǎn)單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
句型的轉(zhuǎn)換是指一個(gè)句子由一種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)榱硪环N語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不改變其原來(lái)的意義。這是一種有用的練習(xí)，可以學(xué)會(huì)許多不同的說(shuō)法，能從幾個(gè)句子中挑選出最適當(dāng)?shù)木渥有问健?/p>
A．主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也可從被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（參閱1207—1209）：
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．
Theyputhimtodeath．
Hewasputtodeath．
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．
B．肯定句與否定句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由肯定形式變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问�，也可由否定形式變�(yōu)榭隙ㄐ问剑?/p>
Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．
Iamnotsureofhishonesty．
Fewunderstandit．
Notmanyunderstandit．
Heissometimessilly．
Heisnotalwaysclever．
Itistidy．
Itisnotuntidy．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Healwaysobjected．
Heneveragreed．
Hefailedtocome．
Hedidnotcome．
Shetoldthestorywithtears．
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．
Onlyheknowsit．
Nobodyelseknowsit．
Helackscourage．
Heiswithoutcourage．
Heisverytired．
Heisnotalittletired．
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．
C．反問(wèn)型問(wèn)句與陳述句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
反問(wèn)型問(wèn)句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌篒sthatthewaytotreatyourwife？
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．
CanIsayanything？
Icannotsayanything．
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．
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Whocaresaboutyou？
Nobodycaresaboutyou．
WhyshouldIapologize？
Ishouldnotapologize．
D．不同詞類(lèi)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
幾乎任何詞類(lèi)都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為另一詞類(lèi)。可以是：
1．動(dòng)詞與名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ourenemyisstrengthening．
Ourenemyisgainingstrength．
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．
Johndisgracesourfamily．
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．
2．動(dòng)詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heneglectsmyadvice．
Heisnegligentofmyadvice．
Hefearsnothing．
Heisafraidofnothing．
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．
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http://emrowgh.com 濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)smellsgood．It
濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Theymadethestreetwideandlong．
3．動(dòng)詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
HesucceededinadvisingMary．
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．
4．名詞與形容詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heisamanofwealth．
Heisawealthyman．
Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．
Heisaheartlesshusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．
Thispolicyisveryimportant．
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．
5．名詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Pleasehandleitwithcare．
Pleasehandleitcarefully．
Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．
6．形容詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Hehateshardwork．
Hehatestoworkhard．
7．介詞與連詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．
Iwillwaituntilhereturns．
Ⅱ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，反過(guò)來(lái)也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．
Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．
Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．
Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．
Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．
Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．
Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．
—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．Withallhisefforts，hefailed．
Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．
Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．
Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．
Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．
Ⅲ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)雜句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)詞或是短語(yǔ)可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~從句、定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，反過(guò)來(lái)也如此：
A．名詞從句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．
Ibelieveyourstatement．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Ibelievewhatyoustate．
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．Ilearnofhissuccess．
Ilearnthathehassucceeded．
Hisarrivalisagreatevent．
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．
B．定語(yǔ)從句
Heisaself－mademan．
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．
Shewearsasea－blueskirt．
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．
Ihavenothingtosay．
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．
C．狀語(yǔ)從句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．
Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．
Hediedinhisnativeplace．
Hediedwherehewasborn．
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．
Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．
Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．
Unlessitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．
Heistootiredtoworkanymore．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．
Ⅳ．復(fù)雜句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．
Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．
Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．
Heispoor，butheisproud．
Althoughheispoor，heisproud．
Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．
Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．
Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．
Unlesshelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．
Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．
Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．
Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachother
thoroughly．
Ⅴ．直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
說(shuō)話人講的話可以用兩種方式來(lái)引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語(yǔ)。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”為直接引語(yǔ)。如果按引用人的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)引用，則稱為間接引語(yǔ)。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．為間接引語(yǔ)。Said這樣的動(dòng)詞稱為引話動(dòng)詞，它前面的主語(yǔ)，例如he，可稱為第一主語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)，如I及he，稱為第二主語(yǔ)。引語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞稱為第二動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)，或間接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，有幾個(gè)問(wèn)題需要注意。
A．大寫(xiě)與標(biāo)點(diǎn)
直接引語(yǔ)放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)，第一個(gè)字母要大寫(xiě)，引號(hào)前加逗號(hào)（間或用冒號(hào)），引語(yǔ)末加句號(hào)、問(wèn)號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)，但在間接引語(yǔ)中卻不加這些。間接引語(yǔ)必須由that，whether（if）或疑問(wèn)詞（who，why，when等）開(kāi)頭，末尾要加句號(hào)。此外，在直接引語(yǔ)中問(wèn)句可能有倒裝語(yǔ)序（助動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面），但在間接引語(yǔ)中，問(wèn)句則需變?yōu)樽匀徽Z(yǔ)序：
Isay，“Hewillcome．”
Isaythathewillcome．
Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”
Iaskwhenhewillcome．
B．引話動(dòng)詞與第二動(dòng)詞
引話動(dòng)詞可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。
若引話動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)，則當(dāng)引語(yǔ)由直接變?yōu)殚g接時(shí)，第二動(dòng)詞照舊不變。但若引話動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)，則間接引語(yǔ)中的第二動(dòng)詞，就要由現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去時(shí)，由過(guò)去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)等。
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”
Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）on
Sunday．
C．引話動(dòng)詞與連詞
1．如果間接引語(yǔ)為陳述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…
2．如果它是問(wèn)句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（of
him）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknow
whether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑問(wèn)詞，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…
3．如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…
4．如果間接引語(yǔ)為祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，request
that，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助動(dòng)詞should．此外間接引語(yǔ)還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為不定式短語(yǔ)，這時(shí)引話動(dòng)詞需要改為賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞：
1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．
Isaidthathewasaniceboy．
Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．
2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．
Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．
3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．
Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．
Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．
Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”
Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．
4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．
Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”
Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．
Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．
D．代詞
此外還要注意，把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語(yǔ)中代詞為第一人稱，在變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，將變?yōu)榕c第一主語(yǔ)一致的代詞。
Isaid，“Icandoit．”
IsaidthatIcoulddoit．
Hesaid，“Imustgo．”
Hesaidthathemustgo．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語(yǔ)
Yousaid，“Iknow．”
Yousaidthatyouknew．
Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”
Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．
Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”
Theysaidthattheymustgo．
Isaid“Wecandoit．”
Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引語(yǔ)中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語(yǔ)中它將變成與引話動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)一致的人稱：
Itoldhim，“Youareright．”
Itoldhimthathewasright．
Itoldyou，“Youareright．”
Itoldyouthatyouwereright．
Hetoldme，“Youareright．”
HetoldmethatIwasright．
Hetoldus，“Youareright．”
Hetoldusthatwewereright．
Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”
Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”
Tosomebody也可看作是賓語(yǔ)：
Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”
HesaidtomethatIwasright．
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Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”
Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．
引話動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以省略，但它在間接引語(yǔ)中可能需要說(shuō)出來(lái)：
TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”
…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．
如果在直接引語(yǔ)中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語(yǔ)中，它可以保持不變：
Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”
Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．
Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”
Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．
Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”
Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．
Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（這兩個(gè)he代表兩個(gè)不同的人）
Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．
還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語(yǔ)中，可以為任何“格”，而不僅僅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”
Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１
Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．
E．時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）
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間接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）可能和直接引語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間副詞（短語(yǔ)）不同，這是因?yàn)樵瓉?lái)說(shuō)話人提到的時(shí)間可能與現(xiàn)在引話人提到的時(shí)間不同：
Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”
HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．
Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．
Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”
HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１
HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．
F．第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞的位置
在新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)中第一主語(yǔ)有時(shí)放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面：
SaidStevens，“…”
CommentsDr．Lee，“…”
BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”
第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞，除了放在直接引語(yǔ)前面外，還可放在其他位置：
Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”
“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不說(shuō)saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不說(shuō)saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰(shuí)說(shuō)的，第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞也可不必說(shuō)出。）
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在第一主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞放在其他位置時(shí)，要注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：
Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”
“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”
“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”
如果引話動(dòng)詞有較長(zhǎng)的修飾語(yǔ)，最好把它放在主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞前面，如果主語(yǔ)及引話動(dòng)詞在直接引語(yǔ)后面，長(zhǎng)修飾語(yǔ)最好放在引話動(dòng)詞后面：
Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．如果主語(yǔ)和引話動(dòng)詞放在直接引語(yǔ)的中間或后面，作主語(yǔ)的名詞可以放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面或前面（若主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞后面）：
“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少說(shuō)saidhe）“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少說(shuō)saysshe）
Ⅵ．簡(jiǎn)單句的合并
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可以合并成一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的句子，這種練習(xí)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)作的人很有好處。兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句：
HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．
HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．
IcalledonMary．Marywasill．
IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．
Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．
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Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbe
starved．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個(gè)或更多句子變?yōu)槊~從句、定語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句，這樣來(lái)合并成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。
1．變成名詞從句：
Hehasarrived．Iknowit．
Iknowthathehasarrived．
Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．
Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．
Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．
Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．
Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．
Howheachievedthissuccessisunknowntome．
2．變成定語(yǔ)從句：
Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．
WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？
Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．
TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．
Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．
Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．
3．變成狀語(yǔ)從句：
Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．
WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．
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Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．
Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．
Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．
Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．
Helooksstupid．Heisclever．
Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．
Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopasstheexam．
Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypasstheexam．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，也可以把其中一個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句變成一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，甚至一個(gè)詞，來(lái)合并成一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句：
Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．
Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位語(yǔ)代替一個(gè)句子）
Hedied．Heisforgotten．
Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介詞短語(yǔ)代替句子）
Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．
Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)代替句子）
Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．
Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分詞代替句子）
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