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英文詩(shī)歌賞析方法
在平平淡淡的學(xué)習(xí)、工作、生活中,大家或多或少都接觸過一些經(jīng)典的詩(shī)歌吧,詩(shī)歌是用高度凝練的語(yǔ)言,生動(dòng)形象地表達(dá)作者豐富情感,集中反映社會(huì)生活并具有一定節(jié)奏和韻律的文學(xué)體裁。你所見過的詩(shī)歌是什么樣的呢?以下是小編精心整理的英文詩(shī)歌賞析方法,僅供參考,大家一起來(lái)看看吧。
英文詩(shī)歌賞析方法
詩(shī)以高度凝結(jié)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)著人們的喜怒哀樂,用其特有的節(jié)奏與方式影響著人們的精神世界。詩(shī)講究聯(lián)想,運(yùn)用象征、比喻、擬人等各種修辭手法,形成了獨(dú)特的語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。
一、 詩(shī)的格律
“格律是指可以用腳打拍子的節(jié)奏”,是每個(gè)音步輕重音節(jié)排列的格式,也是朗讀時(shí)輕重音的依據(jù)。而音步是由重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成的詩(shī)的分析單位。重讀音節(jié)為揚(yáng)(重),在音節(jié)上用“-”或“?”標(biāo)示,非重讀音節(jié)為抑(輕),在音節(jié)上用“?”標(biāo)示,音步之間可用“/”隔開。以下是五種常見格式:
1. 抑揚(yáng)格(輕重格)Iambus:是最常見的一種格式,每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
注;art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中為四音步與三音步交叉,可標(biāo)示為:?-/?-/?-/(?-)
2.揚(yáng)抑格(重輕格)Trochee:每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。 下例中為四音步揚(yáng)抑格(少一個(gè)輕音節(jié)),可標(biāo)示為:-?/-?/-?/- Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake: The Tyger
3. 抑抑揚(yáng)格(輕輕重格)Anapaestic foot: 每個(gè)音步由兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如:三音步抑抑揚(yáng)格??-/??-/??-
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
4. 揚(yáng)抑抑格(重輕輕格)Dactylic foot: 每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)加兩個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如:兩音步揚(yáng)抑抑格-??/-??
?Touch her not / ?scornfully,
?Think of her / ?mournfully.
- Thomas Hood
5. 抑揚(yáng)抑格(輕重輕格)Amphibrach:每個(gè)音步由一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)加一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)再加一個(gè)非重讀音節(jié)構(gòu)成。如:三音步抑揚(yáng)抑格?-?/?-?/?-?下例中最后一個(gè)音步為抑揚(yáng)格。
O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.
在同一首詩(shī)中常會(huì)出現(xiàn)不同的格律,格律解析對(duì)朗讀詩(shī)歌有一定參考價(jià)值。現(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常不遵守規(guī)范的格律。
二、 詩(shī)的押韻
押韻是指通過重復(fù)元音或輔音以達(dá)到一定音韻效果的詩(shī)歌寫作手法。
1. 尾韻:最常見,最重要的押韻方式。
1) 聯(lián)韻:aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song
2) 交叉韻:abab型。
Sunset and evening star,
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar
3) 同韻:有的詩(shī)押韻,一韻到底,大多是在同一節(jié)詩(shī)中共用一個(gè)韻腳。
如下例就共用/i:p/為韻腳。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sl-ee-p,
And miles to go before I sl-ee-p.
Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
2. 頭韻:是指一行(節(jié))詩(shī)中幾個(gè)詞開頭的輔音相同,形成押韻。下例中運(yùn)用/f/、/b/與/s/頭韻生動(dòng)寫出了船在海上輕快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free,
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner
3.內(nèi)韻(同元音):指詞與詞之間原因的重復(fù)形成的內(nèi)部押韻。
下面一節(jié)詩(shī)中/i/及/iη/重復(fù)照應(yīng),呈現(xiàn)出一派歡樂祥和的氣氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing:
Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!
Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring
三、 詩(shī)的體式
有的詩(shī)分成幾節(jié)(stanza),每節(jié)由若干詩(shī)行組成(每行詩(shī)均以大寫字母開頭);有的詩(shī)則不分節(jié)。目前我們常見的詩(shī)體有:
1. 十四行詩(shī)(Sonnet),源于中世紀(jì)民間抒情短詩(shī),十三、十四世紀(jì)流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)為代表人物,每行十一個(gè)音節(jié),全詩(shī)一節(jié)八行,加一節(jié)六行,韻腳用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提問,后六行回答。
后來(lái),懷亞特(ThomasWyatt,1503-1542)將十四行詩(shī)引人英國(guó),五音步抑揚(yáng)格,全詩(shī)三個(gè)四行一個(gè)二行,前三節(jié)提問,后二句結(jié)論。斯賓塞(EdmundSpenser,1552-1599)用韻
腳 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee.莎士比亞(WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韻腳abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,稱英國(guó)式或莎士比亞式。舉例見本文第四部分。
2. 打油詩(shī)(Limericks):通常是小笑話甚至是胡謅,一般沒有標(biāo)題也無(wú)作者姓名,含有幽默諷刺性,常運(yùn)用雙關(guān),內(nèi)韻等手法。每首詩(shī)五個(gè)詩(shī)行,押韻為aabba,格律以抑揚(yáng)格和抑抑揚(yáng)格為主。
1) There was a young lady of Nigger
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger;
They returned from the ride
With the lady inside,
And the smile on the face of the tiger.
2) A tutor who taught on the flute
Tried to teach two tooters to toot,
“Is it harder to toot, or
Said the two to the tutor,
To tutor two tooters to toot?“
3. 無(wú)韻體(Blank Verse):五音步抑揚(yáng)格,不押韻詩(shī)體。
Across the watery bale , and shout again,
Responsive to his call, - with quivering peals,
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.
Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild
Of jocund din!…
William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy
4. 自由詩(shī)(FreeVerse):現(xiàn)代詩(shī)中常見的體式,長(zhǎng)短不同的詩(shī)行存在于同一首詩(shī)中,不講究押韻與格律,只注重詩(shī)歌所表達(dá)的意象和傳遞的情感。美國(guó)詩(shī)人WaltWhitman的(Leaves of Grass)中,就采用此格式。例子見第四部分。
四、 詩(shī)的評(píng)判
對(duì)一首詩(shī),個(gè)人的感受會(huì)有不同。節(jié)奏流暢,語(yǔ)言精煉,聯(lián)想新穎的詩(shī)可算是好詩(shī)。堆砌詞藻,一味抒發(fā)感情而無(wú)實(shí)際內(nèi)容的詩(shī),只能是下乘的詩(shī)。
二十世紀(jì)英美詩(shī)歌大量采用自由詩(shī)體,接近口語(yǔ),可謂大膽創(chuàng)新,大概也是詩(shī)歌發(fā)展的大勢(shì)所趨吧。以下通過三首詩(shī)的分析看詩(shī)的評(píng)判。
1. That Time of Year
That time of year thou mayst in me behold
When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,
In me thou seest the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west,
When by and by black night doth take away,
Deaths second self, that seals up all in rest.
In me thou seest the glowing of such fire,
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.
As the deathbed whereon it must expire,
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.
This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
Notes:mayst:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you seest:see
fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:徹底埋葬
thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long
此詩(shī)是莎士比亞(William Shakespeare, 1564-1616)的一首十四行詩(shī)。作為英國(guó)文學(xué)巨匠,他以37部劇作和154首十四行詩(shī)屹立于世界文壇。
此詩(shī)為五音步抑揚(yáng)格,每個(gè)詩(shī)行格律為:?-/?-/?-/?-/?-/。
全詩(shī)涉及衰老、死亡及愛情問題。前十二行:通過描寫深秋的樹枝黃葉凋零,曾是百鳥爭(zhēng)鳴的歌壇,聯(lián)想到自身青春會(huì)如夕陽(yáng)消逝在遠(yuǎn)方,被黑夜吞沒;自身的青春會(huì)如將盡的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋養(yǎng)過它的火焰焚化。其中choirs(歌壇),deathbed(靈床)使用暗喻手法,同時(shí)又用夕陽(yáng)和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后兩行:點(diǎn)題,人們對(duì)即將永別的東西會(huì)更珍惜。本文動(dòng)詞變化具有明顯的伊利沙白時(shí)代的特點(diǎn)。
2. The Daffodils
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high oer vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretched in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Outdid the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed - and gazed - but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
Ans then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy
jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful
華茲華斯(WilliamWordsworth,1770-1850),十九世紀(jì)初英格蘭北部湖區(qū)三大“湖畔派詩(shī)人”(浪漫主義)之一。此詩(shī)向我們描繪了一幅美好的自然景象,同時(shí)抒發(fā)作者對(duì)自然美景的喜歡。黃水仙據(jù)說(shuō)是威爾士國(guó)花(1282年,威爾士歸順英格蘭,被封公國(guó)),在英國(guó)廣泛栽種,春季開花,花期不長(zhǎng)。有許多關(guān)于黃水仙的詩(shī)歌,這首詩(shī)無(wú)疑是脫穎而出的。
全詩(shī)語(yǔ)言精煉,通俗易懂,四音步抑揚(yáng)格,分四節(jié)(stanza),每節(jié)6行,每節(jié)押韻均為ababcc.第一節(jié)寫詩(shī)人孤寂時(shí)外出散步,偶遇水仙;第二節(jié)寫水仙爭(zhēng)相開放,千姿百態(tài);第三節(jié),詩(shī)人看到這景象感到欣喜異常;第四節(jié)寫詩(shī)人在日后憂郁時(shí),回想當(dāng)時(shí)情景,又讓他心中充滿了歡樂,隨著水仙跳起舞來(lái)。
3. Song of Myself
I celebrate myself, and sing myself,
And what I assume you shall assume,
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.
I loafe and invite my soul,
I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.
My tongue, every atom of my blood, formd from this soil, this air,
Born ere of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,
Hoping to cease not till death.
Creeds and schools in abeyance,
Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.
I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.
Nature without check with original energy.
Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:學(xué)說(shuō),流派 hazard:chance
abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time
英文詩(shī)歌賞析方法
中國(guó)古詩(shī)有節(jié)奏。其節(jié)奏主要是通過漢字特有的聲調(diào)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。傳統(tǒng)漢語(yǔ)中的聲調(diào)有四:平、上、去、入。平聲稱“平聲”,上、去、入三聲統(tǒng)稱仄聲。平聲與仄聲結(jié)合起來(lái)反復(fù)出現(xiàn),就是中國(guó)詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏。如一首五言絕句,其最常見的節(jié)奏是:
仄仄平平仄,平平仄仄平。平平平仄仄,仄仄仄平平。
王之渙《等鸛雀樓》:白日依山盡,黃河入海流。欲窮千里目,更上一層樓。此詩(shī)即是這樣的節(jié)奏。其中“欲”字是仄聲,與格式不合。但根據(jù)格律要求,詩(shī)行中的第一字可平可仄。
英文詩(shī)歌也有節(jié)奏。英文沒有平聲、仄聲之分,但有重讀輕讀音節(jié)之分,其節(jié)奏是通過重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的。一個(gè)重讀音節(jié)與一個(gè)或兩個(gè)輕讀音節(jié)按一定的模式搭配起來(lái),有規(guī)律地反復(fù)出現(xiàn)就是英文詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏。
我們知道凡是有兩個(gè)以上音節(jié)的英文單詞,都有重讀音節(jié)與輕讀音節(jié)之分,在一句話中,根據(jù)語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)調(diào)、語(yǔ)意的要求,有些詞也要重讀,有些要輕讀。如he went to town to buy a book.. I’m glad to hear the news. 英文中有重讀和輕讀之分,重讀的音節(jié)和輕讀的音節(jié),按一定模式配合起來(lái),反復(fù)再現(xiàn),組成詩(shī)句,聽起來(lái)起伏跌宕,抑揚(yáng)頓挫,就形成了詩(shī)歌的節(jié)奏。多音節(jié)單詞有重音和次重音,次重音根據(jù)節(jié)奏既可視為重讀,也可視為輕讀。
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