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2022年英語四級詞類語法講義
對于我們學(xué)生來說，就是要每一天每一刻都要做到：有目的有計劃積極主動不放過任何一個學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會，爭分奪秒地學(xué)習(xí)，勤學(xué)好問，虛心學(xué)習(xí)，永不滿足。以下是小編為大家整理的英語四級詞類語法講義，歡迎閱讀，希望大家能夠喜歡。
英語的詞通常分為十大類：
1)名詞(noun，縮寫為n.)是人和事物的名稱，如pen(鋼筆)，English(英語)，life(生活)。
2)代詞(pronoun，縮寫為pron.)是用來代替名詞的詞，如we(我們)，his(他的)，all(全部)。
3)形容詞(adjective，縮寫為adj.)用來修飾名詞，如great(偉大的)honest(誠實的)，difficult(困難的)。
4)數(shù)詞(numeral，縮寫為num.)是表示"多少"和"第幾"的詞，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
5)動詞(verb，縮寫為v)表示動作和狀態(tài)，如write(寫)，walk(行走)，think(想)。
6)副詞(adverb，縮寫為。adv.)是修飾動詞、形容詞和副詞的詞，如quickly(快)，often(經(jīng)常)，very(很)。
7)冠詞(article，縮寫為art.)說明名詞所指的人或物的詞，如a，an(一個)，the(這，那)。
8)介詞(preposition，縮寫為prep.)表示名詞(或代詞)與句子里其它詞的關(guān)系，如from(從)，in(在…內(nèi))，between(在…之間)。
9)連詞(conjunction，縮寫為conj.)是連接詞、短語、從句和句子的詞，如and(和)，because(因為)，if(假如)。
10)感嘆詞(interjection，縮寫為int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(噓)。
[注一]屬于前六類(名、代、形、數(shù)、動、副等詞)的詞都有實義，叫做實詞(notional word)。屬于后四類(冠、介、連、感等詞)的詞沒有實義，叫做虛詞(form word)。
[注二]不少詞可以屬于幾個詞類，如work(工作;動詞和名詞)，fast(快;形容詞和副詞)，since(自從;連詞和介詞)等。
【相關(guān)閱讀】
英語四級動詞語法講解
Ⅰ動詞(時態(tài),語態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)
時態(tài)
1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過去完成進(jìn)行時(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來完成進(jìn)行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時已發(fā)生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
語態(tài)
可以有兩種被動結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)
雙賓語及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)
雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài): 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài):
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
短語動詞
Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
Vi + prep (有被動語態(tài))
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
Vt + adv + O (無被動語態(tài))
I am trying to give up smoking.
Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
擴(kuò)展資料：
英語四級高級語法講義
一、定語從句的回顧
Fruit that contains vitamin C can relieve a cold.
The man who we met yesterday is a famous psychologist.
iuThis is the right book that you are looking for.
二、關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)賓語的時候
三、關(guān)系詞充當(dāng)主語
(1)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)為實詞
(2)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)為be + 名詞
四、先行詞為the way
定語從句省略
英語四級語法關(guān)于現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式的講義
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中，表示這個動作在謂語所表示的動作之前完成。
【例如】
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式。
【例如】
His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.
英語四級語法講義:不能變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主動結(jié)構(gòu)
1)某些表示狀態(tài)或者特征的及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)形式。這類動詞常見的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。
【例如】
This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.
2)某些動詞的主動形式表示被動意義，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.
【例如】
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments.
英語四級語法講義:特殊的被動結(jié)構(gòu)
1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動詞＋be＋過去分詞。
【例如】
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.
2)有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。
【例如】
The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.
3)當(dāng)“動詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，原句中的賓語補(bǔ)語成為主語補(bǔ)語。能用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。
【例如】
She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.
4)在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時，在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，要加to.
【例如】
A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.
5)某些感官動詞加形容詞可以表示被動意義。
【例如】
The dish tastes delicious.The apple smells sweet.
6) It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句，或主語＋be＋過去分詞＋to do sth.
【例如】
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.
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