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2017公共英語(yǔ)二級(jí)閱讀短文理解練習(xí)題
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In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 51 —— 55, choose the most suitable one from the list A. - [G] to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET.
The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today' s global challenges including climate change, security, sustainable development and health.
(1)_________ Humanity has the necessary aggro-technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.
(2) _________This is a shame--the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.
Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact.
Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords "environmental changed" or "climate change" have increased rapidly since 2004, (3)_________
When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example. And whether the community' s work contribute much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.
The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (4)_________ This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today' s economic climate.
The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect social science; rather, the complete opposite. (5)_________ That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.
A. It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is discipline-o dented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.
B. However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these Keywords.
C. the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.
D.the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.
[ E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior, all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing dean energy.
[ F] Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.
[ G] During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds--including government, higher education, no-profit and corporate--varied from around 4% to 25% ; in most European nations, it is about 15%.
答案及解析
1.E【解析】本題是順接關(guān)系題。該空格位于第二段中間�？崭裰盀�“這么巨大的資源卻不夠應(yīng)對(duì)今天全球面臨的諸如氣候變化、安全、可持續(xù)發(fā)展以及健康等挑戰(zhàn)。”空格之后則談到了“人類要借助從基因工程作物到人工化肥等必要的農(nóng)業(yè)科技工具來(lái)消除饑餓。”可見(jiàn)空格處所填入的句子應(yīng)該起到承上啟下的作用，即既談到全球問(wèn)題，又涉及解決這些問(wèn)題，瀏覽所有選項(xiàng)，只有E項(xiàng)既提到了“these issues”，即上文所列舉的那些全球問(wèn)題，又談到了應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的例子，也即解決這些問(wèn)題的實(shí)踐。
2.F【解析】本題是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系題。該空格位于第三段段首。第二段段末作者提到目前全球面臨的問(wèn)題一定程度上也是社會(huì)性的，因此也應(yīng)該是社會(huì)科學(xué)研究的范疇。而空格之后出現(xiàn)“這是個(gè)恥辱——社會(huì)科學(xué)界本應(yīng)該抓住機(jī)遇提升自己在真實(shí)世界中的影響”，由此可以推斷意義出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，空格處應(yīng)該表達(dá)社會(huì)科學(xué)家沒(méi)能應(yīng)對(duì)全球問(wèn)題，提升社會(huì)科學(xué)在真實(shí)世界中影響的意思，F(xiàn)項(xiàng)提到有很多的問(wèn)題需要社會(huì)科學(xué)的研究，但許多社會(huì)科學(xué)家卻不愿意處理這些問(wèn)題，這正是社會(huì)學(xué)家沒(méi)能為解決真實(shí)世界中的問(wèn)題做出貢獻(xiàn)的實(shí)例。
3.B【解析】本題是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系題。該空格位于第五段段末。空格所在段給出了明確的線索詞“Ⅱle number of papers”以及“keywords”.瀏覽各選項(xiàng)可以明顯發(fā)現(xiàn)B選項(xiàng)中幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞全部出現(xiàn)，同時(shí)B項(xiàng)表明社會(huì)科學(xué)研究論文的總量仍然很小，這與前文指出的“社會(huì)科學(xué)研究論文增長(zhǎng)速度很快”構(gòu)成對(duì)比，說(shuō)明社會(huì)科學(xué)研究仍然有著很大的提升空間，符合本文論調(diào)。
4.G【解析】本題是順接關(guān)系題。該句位于第七段中間�？崭裰巴瑯映霈F(xiàn)了明顯的線索“the amount of available fundin9”，同時(shí)結(jié)合空格之后“只要用對(duì)地方，這些資金足夠了”，可以推知空格處所填入的句子主要討論資金的數(shù)量。瀏覽各選項(xiàng)，發(fā)現(xiàn)只有G項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了關(guān)鍵詞fund，同時(shí)該句話也確實(shí)在討論社會(huì)科學(xué)研究的資金數(shù)量問(wèn)題。
5.C【解析】本題是順接關(guān)系題。該句位于第八段中間�？崭裰疤岬綒W洲聯(lián)盟框架資助項(xiàng)目“2014年將開(kāi)始實(shí)行一個(gè)全新的項(xiàng)目：地平線2020，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目將不再設(shè)有這項(xiàng)專項(xiàng)基金。這個(gè)決定導(dǎo)致了社會(huì)科學(xué)家的抗議。但是，這個(gè)決定的意圖并非忽視社會(huì)科學(xué);相反，是想要推動(dòng)社會(huì)科學(xué)”，由此可以推測(cè)下文即將解釋為什么這個(gè)決定將要推動(dòng)社會(huì)科學(xué)的發(fā)展。空格之后的部分則提到“讓社會(huì)科學(xué)更多地與其他領(lǐng)域合作”，暗示加強(qiáng)學(xué)科間合作是其中一個(gè)原因。瀏覽各個(gè)選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，C項(xiàng)中force socialscience to integrate their work with other categories正是對(duì)空格之后collaborative endeavors的同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，同時(shí)該句也解釋了為什么這個(gè)決定將要推動(dòng)社會(huì)科學(xué)的發(fā)展。
參考譯文
社會(huì)科學(xué)正在日益繁榮。2005年，全世界各個(gè)領(lǐng)域共計(jì)約有五十萬(wàn)專業(yè)社會(huì)科學(xué)家在學(xué)術(shù)界內(nèi)外工作。2010年《世界社會(huì)科學(xué)報(bào)告》稱全球社會(huì)科學(xué)學(xué)生人數(shù)自2000年以來(lái)已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了每年大約ll%的增長(zhǎng)。然而這么巨大的資源卻不夠應(yīng)對(duì)今天全球面臨的諸如氣候變化、安全、可持續(xù)發(fā)展以及健康等挑戰(zhàn)。
(1)這些問(wèn)題的根源都在于人類行為。這些問(wèn)題都需要行為改變、社會(huì)創(chuàng)新，以及科技發(fā)展。例如，遏制氣候變暖與改變消費(fèi)模式和提高稅率有關(guān)，也與發(fā)展清潔能源有關(guān)。人類要借助從基因工程作物到人工化肥等必要的農(nóng)業(yè)科技工具來(lái)消除饑餓。同樣，這些問(wèn)題也是社會(huì)性的：食物、財(cái)富和福祉的組織與分發(fā)。
(2)盡管有這么多的因素需要社會(huì)科學(xué)，許多社會(huì)科學(xué)家卻不愿意處理這些問(wèn)題。在歐洲，一些社會(huì)科學(xué)家全副武裝起來(lái)反抗一項(xiàng)旨在減少某社會(huì)科學(xué)研究基金項(xiàng)目的提議，反對(duì)將這項(xiàng)基金并入到關(guān)于可持續(xù)發(fā)展的前沿研究課題當(dāng)中。這是個(gè)恥辱——社會(huì)科學(xué)界本應(yīng)該抓住機(jī)遇提升自己在真實(shí)世界中的影響。援引偉大的社會(huì)科學(xué)家約瑟夫·熊彼得的話：如果沒(méi)有創(chuàng)造性的毀滅，就沒(méi)有突破性的創(chuàng)新。
今天，社會(huì)科學(xué)很大程度上關(guān)注的仍然是學(xué)科內(nèi)問(wèn)題和國(guó)際上的學(xué)術(shù)討論，而非有著外部影響的話題。
有分析表明，包含“環(huán)境變化”或者“氣候變化”關(guān)鍵詞的論文自2004年以來(lái)快速增長(zhǎng)。(53)但是，總體數(shù)量仍然很�。�2010年，全球發(fā)表的共計(jì)l00 7000篇社會(huì)科學(xué)論文中只有1600篇含有上述兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞中的一個(gè)。
當(dāng)社會(huì)科學(xué)家確實(shí)處理這些實(shí)際問(wèn)題的時(shí)候。他們的視野往往局限在當(dāng)?shù)兀罕热�，比利時(shí)的社會(huì)科學(xué)家只對(duì)比利時(shí)的貧困問(wèn)題有興趣。學(xué)術(shù)界的研究能在多大程度上為知識(shí)的總體積累做出貢獻(xiàn)仍然是個(gè)未知數(shù)。問(wèn)題不一定是出在可用的資金上。(54)在20世紀(jì)90年代后期。對(duì)社會(huì)科學(xué)和人文學(xué)科的全國(guó)性資金支持，包括來(lái)自政府的、高等教育機(jī)構(gòu)的、非盈利組織以及企業(yè)的，總計(jì)占到全部科學(xué)研究資金的4%一25%，在多數(shù)歐洲國(guó)家，這個(gè)比例達(dá)到l5%。只要用對(duì)地方，這些資金足夠了。那些抱怨缺少資金支持的社會(huì)科學(xué)家不應(yīng)該在當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)下仍然抱有更大的期望。
關(guān)鍵在于更好地運(yùn)用這些資金。歐洲聯(lián)盟框架資助項(xiàng)目長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)有一項(xiàng)專門面向社會(huì)科學(xué)家。今年，有人提議更改這個(gè)體系：2014年將開(kāi)始實(shí)行一個(gè)全新的項(xiàng)目：地平線2020，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目將不再設(shè)有這項(xiàng)專項(xiàng)基金。這個(gè)決定導(dǎo)致了社會(huì)科學(xué)家的抗議。但是，這個(gè)決定的意圖并非忽視社會(huì)科學(xué);相反，是想要推動(dòng)社會(huì)科學(xué)。(55)這項(xiàng)決定的題中之義是要強(qiáng)迫社會(huì)科學(xué)與包括健康，人口變化、食品安全、海洋研究、生物經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、清潔能源，以及其他包容性、創(chuàng)新性和安全學(xué)科等其他領(lǐng)域的合作。這將會(huì)讓社會(huì)科學(xué)更多地與其他領(lǐng)域合作，幫助社會(huì)科學(xué)去發(fā)展直接解決全球問(wèn)題的項(xiàng)目。
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