亚洲精品中文字幕无乱码_久久亚洲精品无码AV大片_最新国产免费Av网址_国产精品3级片

詞匯

詞匯量少的學(xué)生怎么寫好托福作文

時(shí)間:2024-09-05 12:55:07 詞匯 我要投稿
  • 相關(guān)推薦

詞匯量少的學(xué)生怎么寫好托福作文

  問及中國學(xué)生寫作的困境, 不僅僅是學(xué)生甚至是某些學(xué)者, 近乎異口同聲:  詞匯量不足 云云。其實(shí)這種所謂的詞匯量問題,雖然不敢斷然否定其存在,但是在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生寫作技能的初級(jí)階段根本不是問題,如果說詞匯是個(gè)問題,那么至少是寫作技能提高階段的問題。在參加諸如GRE考試和GMAT考試的寫作中,都不應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生使用復(fù)雜的詞匯量。

詞匯量少的學(xué)生怎么寫好托福作文

  在考生參加國內(nèi)英語考試寫作,比如四級(jí),六級(jí),考研(微博),在職碩士等領(lǐng)域,根本不應(yīng)該提及。否則對(duì)學(xué)生應(yīng)試分?jǐn)?shù)提高,造成誤導(dǎo)。為什么這樣說呢?

  第一個(gè)原因是:中國高中水平以上學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí),主要是積累詞匯,大部分考生已經(jīng)具備2000個(gè)英語詞匯。這對(duì)于基本生活中問題的表達(dá)和闡述,以及應(yīng)付各種考試已經(jīng)綽綽有余。問題是考生根本不會(huì)合理地使用自己已經(jīng)掌握的詞匯。如果自己已經(jīng)有的,不去合理利用,反而追求自己沒有的,豈不是非常荒謬?這是一個(gè)非常淺顯的道理:用好自己已經(jīng)有的資源!

  我舉個(gè)例子來證明這種教學(xué)理念。表格兩欄,分別表達(dá)不同的詞匯,左面一欄,教學(xué)實(shí)踐統(tǒng)計(jì)表明,97.3%的高中生已經(jīng)掌握,右面一欄,在GRE班上只有7% 的學(xué)生認(rèn)知含義。(對(duì)2003年不同時(shí)期三個(gè)班GRE共計(jì)1572人進(jìn)行的統(tǒng)計(jì), 另外一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)是2004年北京暑假考研6個(gè)班,2793人進(jìn)行的統(tǒng)計(jì)):

  熟悉詞匯/ 陌生詞匯

  1. scientists /entomologists

  2. experts /aurelian

  3. parents/ invertebrates

  4. educators /cetaceans

  5. generally /falconry

  6. contribute /denunciate

  7. Do reprehend

  8. good/ rious

  9. harmful /nocuous

  10. hurtful /insalubrious

  11. influence /promulgate

  12. life allege

  13. work

  14. study

  15. play

  16. role

  17. Not only…but also

  18. shape /forge

  19. form /Fabricate

  20. build /illume

  21. cold Ruthless and relentless

  22. but /albeit

  23. environment /biota

  24. plants /flora

  25. animals/ fauna

  26. values

  27. hold

  28. maintain

  現(xiàn)在我們考慮一道雅思(微博)作文題目:

  Some people say that it wastes both time and money to protect animals while others say that it is useful to protect animals. What is your opinion?

  如果指導(dǎo)學(xué)生用自己已經(jīng)掌握的單詞,完成這樣的作文考試,考生實(shí)際上可以考到8分。下面是一種寫法:

  What are the values of animals? Fish and shrimp give people foods; birds give poets new ideas and ideals; even a simple fly offer scientists new information for research. Clearly, animals are important. Then who can say that it is a waster of money to protect such important things? I believe that human should protect animals.

  56 words

  譯文:

  動(dòng)物的價(jià)值是什么呢?魚和蝦給我們食物,鳥兒給詩人理想和靈感,甚至是簡單的蒼蠅也為科學(xué)家提供新的研究信息。顯然,動(dòng)物是重要的。那么,誰又能說保護(hù)如此重要的動(dòng)物是浪費(fèi)呢?我認(rèn)為,人類應(yīng)該保護(hù)動(dòng)物。

  使用復(fù)雜的詞匯寫作

  Cetaceans are not created to decorate the immense chaotic oceans or to offer poets or littérateurs aspirations or inspirations. Nor does falconry soar towards the empyrean and scud in the firmament to demonstrate His almightiness. Then humans, the wretched descendents of Adams as the scripture tells within the eon, have been meditating such questions as why creatures exist. Were they once created by the omnipotent God or what scientists termed as nature? Recently both philosophers and environmentalists ponder that whether or not human beings should carry out campaigns to salvage wildlife. The question is that such campaigns might constitute considerable deteriorate elements both to the flora and fauna。

  譯文:

  上帝創(chuàng)造鯨魚,并不是為了點(diǎn)綴那廣漠無垠喧囂混沌的海洋,也不是為了激發(fā)詩人或者文人騷客的靈感或者情感;鷹擊長空,掠過天宇也不是為了證明自然的威力。人類,根據(jù)萬古流傳的經(jīng)文傳說,是那亞當(dāng)?shù)淖訉O,一直在思考著生物為什么存在于世的問題。 究竟生物為萬能的造物主所一時(shí)創(chuàng)造,還是科學(xué)家冠以為自然的呢?現(xiàn)在,無論哲學(xué)家還是環(huán)境保護(hù)主義者都在思考人類究竟是否要發(fā)起拯救動(dòng)物的行動(dòng)。問題是諸如此類的救助行為可能成為惡化動(dòng)植物區(qū)系的因素。

  講解:

  前后兩篇范文都是出手不凡。但是,第二篇使用復(fù)雜的詞匯寫作,一般考生會(huì)感到:此曲只應(yīng)天上有,人間能得幾回聞?但是第一篇范文完全使用考生熟悉的詞匯。

  可以看出,能夠?qū)懗鋈绱肆鲿车淖魑,并不是使用了?fù)雜的單詞,而是一種文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和作者的思路。實(shí)際上使用右面一欄的單詞,表達(dá)的思想完全可以用左面這些考生熟悉的詞匯完成?荚囈罂忌鷮懗250個(gè)單詞的作文,二考生實(shí)際應(yīng)試需要的詞匯,最多是200個(gè)。加上不同的作文題目的題材變化的考慮,考生用已經(jīng)掌握的2000個(gè)單詞可以取得非常高的分?jǐn)?shù)。 遺憾的不是考生詞匯量不夠,而是考生的腦海中根本沒有把這些單詞變成句子。中國學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英文仿佛就是背誦單詞。

  作者本人就是在大學(xué)期間受這種錯(cuò)誤教學(xué)理念的誤導(dǎo),背誦了一本新英漢字典,背了四年,背了至少不下千遍,可是寫出的文章還是不通。于是,又去背誦梁實(shí)秋編寫的《遠(yuǎn)東英漢大詞典》,還是制造不出文章。后來遇到了哈佛大學(xué)的朋友,她給了我一本BIBLE, 告訴我每天讀,注意句子的構(gòu)成和句子之間的關(guān)系。我開始非常反感,認(rèn)為這是侮辱我的宗教信仰。當(dāng)時(shí)我甚至覺得這個(gè)朋友動(dòng)機(jī)不純,有拉我下水的惡意。

  可是當(dāng)我讀到圣經(jīng)中優(yōu)美的句子時(shí)候,我甚至陶醉了,當(dāng)時(shí)我在北大未名湖畔,這樣的句子感動(dòng)了我:

  you are the salt of the earth…

  You are the light of the world…

  will shine before humanity

  這里面的美在于一種單純和簡單。之后,我每日都讀圣經(jīng),學(xué)習(xí)英語表達(dá)的技術(shù),久而久之,感悟到其中的美,就逐漸開始欣賞英語簡單詞匯表達(dá)的美麗和藝術(shù)。后來從學(xué)生變成老師,我教授美國文學(xué)和語言學(xué),著重分析過ERNEST HEMINGWAY作品詞匯的樸素和執(zhí)著的表現(xiàn)力。在THE SUN ALSO RISE中,讀者完全可以品味如何用最簡單的詞匯表達(dá)最高尚的人類思維。

  其實(shí),復(fù)雜的詞匯是學(xué)生一時(shí)半時(shí)無法掌握的,反而是簡單的單詞如何用好,成為英語寫作應(yīng)試教學(xué)初級(jí)的主要課題。如果用好簡單的詞匯,就可以逐步追求表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確和精確,使用復(fù)雜的詞匯?墒且婚_始就鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生背誦大量的詞匯,既不現(xiàn)實(shí),也對(duì)于應(yīng)試于事無補(bǔ)。

  比如我再舉個(gè)例子,還是雅思考試的題目。

  Computers are now widely used in education so the teachers are not as important as they were before computers were popular. Do you agree or disagree with this point?

  范文

  Compared with other human inventions and innovations, computers, the cold machines that are definitely devoid of soul, admittedly, have been playing a significant role in shaping and reflecting human life, study, and work patterns. Thus at one time the average public was flooded by the overwhelming written materials and advertisements advocating, or even exaggeratedly promoting, various computers and their affiliated software, making it hard for the people to distinguish the facts from fictions. Worst of all, some scholars and engineers even imprudently forecast that computers will finally replace or supersede teachers in education. On the strength of philosophical and scientific analysis in a far more profound and insightful way, I solemnly and firmly gainsay such a misguiding argument and put forward that never in history have any human made machines had superseded, in its strict sense, human beings, nor will they。

  譯文

  和其它人類得發(fā)明革新相比,計(jì)算機(jī),這種毫無靈魂的冰冷機(jī)器,誠然在塑造并反映人類工作,生活,和學(xué)習(xí)模式上起到重要得作用。因而,一度人們?yōu)槌彼愕,大肆宣揚(yáng)甚至是夸張促銷計(jì)算機(jī)及其相關(guān)軟件的書面材料和廣告所包圍,使得一般公眾難辨真?zhèn)。更有甚者,某些學(xué)者和工程人員不負(fù)責(zé)任地鼓吹計(jì)算機(jī)最終會(huì)因其優(yōu)越行而取代教授。根據(jù)深刻致密的哲學(xué)和科學(xué)分析,我堅(jiān)定地,嚴(yán)肅地否定這種誤導(dǎo)性的論點(diǎn)。我指出,歷史上從來沒有任何機(jī)器,從嚴(yán)格的字面意義上講,曾經(jīng)取代過人類。將來也不會(huì)。

  講解

  這種文章,考生看到幾乎沒有不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞,但是要是讓考生寫出這樣的句子,筆者斗膽斷言,實(shí)在是:蜀道難,難于上青天。為什么會(huì)有這種現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn)呢?別人寫,考生認(rèn)識(shí),可是自己怎么也些不出來。什么原因呢?

  道理非常簡單:考生死記硬背單詞的漢語意義,而不是在英語的文章中學(xué)習(xí)單詞的用法和搭配。導(dǎo)致的后果就是寫不出真正的文章。

  針對(duì)這個(gè)問題。筆者提出讀寫教程的學(xué)習(xí)方法。并且,在新東方已經(jīng)試點(diǎn)。學(xué)生是一些高中考不上大學(xué)的所謂留學(xué) (微博) 垃圾(其實(shí)我本人反對(duì)這種說法)。先看教學(xué)之前,考生的作文。我隨機(jī)從2000份作文中抽取兩篇,一字不差地原文轉(zhuǎn)載學(xué)生的習(xí)作:

  學(xué)生作文之一 30分鐘

  someone said that teachers not no longer useful, nevertheless I don’t agree it。

  Now, computers are widely in all kinds of fields. And it is more and more important. But some of special fields computers can’t do any thing. For example, whe the child was young. They come to school. They can’t use any machine before. They need a warm hand from mother techer more than cold computer key. So I don’t agree it。

  這是一名中國考生在30分鐘內(nèi)寫的文章—— 其實(shí),根本不是文章。錯(cuò)誤百出,時(shí)態(tài)混亂,動(dòng)詞錯(cuò)誤,邏輯關(guān)系不明等等錯(cuò)誤。

  學(xué)生作文之二 30分鐘

  Compared to the automobile or train, the bicycle nowadays tends to be more common as a transport. Some people are think that the bicycle is the best way to tour. I am of the opinion that riding bicycle has advantage and disadvantages。

  To begin with, bicycle is the cheapest transport. In china, people just need spend RMB 400 to buy a high quality bicycle. The car, however, at least is spent RMB 40000. To many Chinese people, they prefer to buy a bicycle because they have no enough money to buy a car. Next, sometimes riding bicycle is more convenient than driving a car. For example, I have to spend 1 hour to drive car cover 10 miles during the rush hour from my home to my office in Beijing. At same distance, I only need 20 minutes by riding bicycle. Finally, I think the bicycle do not make heavy pollution to our environment。

  這些文字是在中國考生中非常有代表性的。其他教師和考生可以閱讀類似的作文,然后進(jìn)行批改訓(xùn)練。提高自己的寫作教學(xué)和寫作能力。

  根據(jù)這些情況,我在NATIONAL GEOGRAPHY 雜志上選取了部分含有考生需要的句型,首先進(jìn)行分析,然后讓學(xué)生模仿?纯聪旅孢x取的一段文字:

  The wolves play an integral part in the ecosystem in the archipelago, and their diet can offer scientists important clues about the dynamics between predator and prey。

  Investigating the feces of the elusive wolves, Darimont found that their diets consist to a large extent of black-tailed deer. But he also found that their diets vary greatly depending on location. On the outer islands, for example, wolves are far less likely to have a deer for lunch than on the inner islands。

  These findings suggest that wolves can deplete resources in isolated areas, making the link between the predators and their prey more delicate there。

  The information is important for understanding not only island ecosystems, but also for conservation efforts. If scientists can understand how species behave on isolated islands, they may be able to figure out how the species will behave in other places that are becoming more fragmented。

  選自:Canada"s Rain Forest Wolves a Link to Past

  Stefan Lovgren October 1, 2004

  從這段文字中,我首先教學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí):

  ecosystem

  biota

  biodiversity

  play an integral part in

  play a key role in

  offer somebody something

  dynamics between …and…

  predators and prey

  然后根據(jù)第二個(gè)段落,講解現(xiàn)在分詞短語結(jié)構(gòu),

  consist of consist to a large extent of

  depend on depend to a large extent on

  比較結(jié)構(gòu)的對(duì)稱性和倒裝性

  be likely to do something

  not only…but also…

  然后指導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)寫作:分析下面一篇學(xué)生作文:

  Living in the big cities, people are more likely to forget the key roles that animals play in an ecosystem. But almost all animals can do good, directly or indirectly, to our life. For example, fish and shrimp offer not only foods but also scientific research materials. Birds in various colors and shapes offer scientists new clues to understand the dynamic between human and other animals. From this point of view, animals must be well protected。

  這是,授課結(jié)束后,一個(gè)學(xué)生的寫作。對(duì)比前后兩篇作文,明顯看到進(jìn)步。

  如果我只是單純地講解單詞,學(xué)生不可那寫出這樣的文章。但是,我給學(xué)生講解的完整的句子和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。就直接啟發(fā)學(xué)生的思維,導(dǎo)致分?jǐn)?shù)的提高。 從這個(gè)教學(xué)實(shí)例可以推出,教學(xué)生提高句子量,應(yīng)該是寫作突破的方法之一。

【詞匯量少的學(xué)生怎么寫好托福作文】相關(guān)文章:

托福詞匯量的要求10-05

如何提升托福詞匯量07-31

如何快速積累托福詞匯量10-18

如何高效擴(kuò)大托福詞匯量08-11

如何高效擴(kuò)大托福詞匯量07-20

如何有效提升托福詞匯量10-20

托福閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)與詞匯量的關(guān)系07-14

托?荚囋~匯量要求10-02

托福口語高分需要多大的詞匯量07-05

2016托福考試詞匯量要求09-27