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2014托福詞匯語法講解匯總
第一講 詞類
一、 冠詞
【概念】
冠詞是一種虛詞，用在名詞或者名詞性短語的前面，表示名詞是特指還是泛指。
冠詞可以分為定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a / an)。
【你來練習】 an 用在元音音素前
____ university ____ upward trend ______ European
____ engineer _____ hot dog ______ honour
(一) 不定冠詞(a / an)的用法
1. 第一次提及的人或物，泛指某人或某物之前
1) Once a child goes to school, they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home.
2) [一個最近的調(diào)查] conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences has found that one third of the white collar workers suffer from insomnia and depression.
2. 表示一類人或物 A knife is a tool for cutting with.
A dog is a common animal.
3. 不定冠詞用在事物的“單位”前，如時間、價格等意義的名詞前，表示“每一”。
1).People are suggested to do exercises . [至少一周兩次]
2).Health experts recommend that people should drink . [一天八杯水]
4. 不定冠詞用于固定詞組中，如 quite a little, a large(good,great) amount /sum/deal of,
quite a few, a great(good,great) number of, a good many (of), a host of,
a lot of/ lots of/ plenty of a large quantity of /a series of/ a good supply of
1).Excessive intake of high fat, sugar and calories leads to a host of health problems.
2).Obesity is no longer a personal health problem, but a thorny issue inducing a series of social problems.
5. 用于序數(shù)詞前，表示“又一，再一” Can you give me a second chance?
6. 抽象名詞具體化，被具體化的名詞要加不定冠詞
a surprise a success a pleasure
7. 用于固定搭配中 once a week ; a series of; a piece of ;a wide range of
(二) 定冠詞(the)的用法
1. 定冠詞特指，上文中已經(jīng)提到過的人或者事物，或雙方明確所指的人或物前。
1) There are many factors that contribute to child and adolescent obesity. The factors may include age, sex, genes, psychological makeup and environment.
2) In network age, the development of the library faces new challenges.
2. 定冠詞與可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用，表示一類人或者物。
1) [電腦] and video games contribute to children’s inactive lifestyles.
2) [吸煙者] causes damage to others through second-hand smoking.
3. 定冠詞用于表示世界上獨一無二的事物或者自然現(xiàn)象名詞前
the earth, the sun, the moon, the world, the South Pole, the universe, the Bible
4. 定冠詞用在序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級和表示方位的名詞前。
5. 用在樂器名稱前，特別是西洋樂器
但中國名族樂器和音樂名詞前不用冠詞
6. 用在姓氏復數(shù)形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻倆”
7.用在年代，朝代，時代名詞前
8. 用于江河，海洋，湖泊，海峽，山脈，群島。
9. 用在習語中all the same;all the time;at the moment;at the same time ;by the way
【你來翻譯】
3) 最有效的方式
4) 有同樣經(jīng)驗的人
5) 西游記
6) 他是我最不想見的人。
(三) 零冠詞用法概述
1.表示泛指的復數(shù)名詞前,表示一類人或事物
Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.
2.在季節(jié)、節(jié)日、星期、月份及三餐等名詞前
[吃早飯] ___________is a good way to start the day and may be important in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
3. 指職位、頭銜的詞
4. 在表示棋類或球類的名詞前
第二講 句子結(jié)構(gòu)
Chapter Two —— Sentence Structure
1.主語：主語是一個句子的主體，一般位于句首，表示句子說的是什么人或者什么事情。一般由名詞，代詞，不定式，動名詞或從句充當。
The girl is pretty.
He is a volunteer.
To see is to believe
Reading is useful.
What is more unbelievable is the fact that he didn’t die.
2.謂語：說明主語做什么，是什么或者怎么樣，由簡單動詞或者動詞短語構(gòu)成.謂語在人稱和數(shù)的方面必須要和主語一致。
They are teachers.
She looks well.
He can speak English.
He studies hard.
He laughed at his classmates.
3.賓語: 是動作，行為的對象，由名詞，代詞，短語，不定式，動名詞，從句充當.它和及物動詞一起說明主語做了什么，在謂語之后。
She plays the piano.
He often helps me.
I like watching TV.
She likes to go to shop this afternoon.
I think that he is a good guy.
注：直接賓語和間接賓語：英語中，一些及物動詞如：give, pass, show, send, bring, tell, teach, buy, lend等，可以帶兩個賓語。一個指人，叫間接賓語;一個指物，叫直接賓語。
Eg. He gives him the book
(間賓) (直賓)
4. 表語：說明主語是什么，或者怎么樣，由名詞，形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，不定式，動名詞，短語，或者從句充當.表語位于系動詞后面.
I am a teacher.
She is happy.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach English.
Seeing is believing.
This is what I want
5. 定語：是用來說明人或事物的品質(zhì)或特征。修飾名詞或代詞。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，介詞短語，不定式，動名詞，分詞，從句都可以充當定語.
The black bike is mine. What’s your name?
I have five books. The boy in the room is Jack.
They made paper flowers. I have something to do.
A sleeping boy. A broken vase.
The girl who is talking is my sister.
注：英語的定語可以前置，也可以后置。獨立的單詞作定語時，習慣上放在被修飾的詞之前作前置定語;短語或句子(定語從句)作定語時，應放在被修飾的詞后面，作后置定語
6. 狀語：狀語用來修飾動詞，形容詞或副詞.它表示行為發(fā)生的時間，地點，目的，方式，程度等.一般由副詞，介詞短語，不定式或相當于副詞的詞或短語充當，也可由從句來充當.
I have a dream today.(時間狀語)
He did it carefully. (方式狀語)
I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.(地點狀語)
7. 賓語補足語：是補充說明賓語的身份，狀態(tài)，特性或所做的動作的一種句子成分。一般由名詞，形容詞，不定式，介詞短語和分詞構(gòu)成。
His parents named him Jim.
We found the book very interesting.
.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.
句子的結(jié)構(gòu)
按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：
1)簡單句：只有一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)。
e.g. He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
2) 并列句：由并列連詞(and, but, for, or, so)或分號(;)把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。
e.g. You help him and he helps you.
The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
3)復合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復合句包含：名詞性從句(主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句)、定語從句和狀語從句等。
e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
(其中簡單句其中二)
其中在簡單句中英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎。
1. S+V→主語+謂語(不及物動詞)(+狀語)
Class begins.
Jim runs in the park.
及物動詞后可直接加賓語：buy, catch, invent, found, like,
注：及物和不及物動詞的區(qū)別 raise, find, forget
不及物動詞后面不可直接接賓語，一般要加介詞后再接賓語：
go, work, listen, look, come
eg.Managers often behave very differently outside the office and in it, even to the same person.
由于世界的工業(yè)化和人口的增長，水污染問題加劇了。/ is ge
2. S+V+O→主語+謂語(及物動詞)+賓語
He enjoys reading.
eg.Children’s extensive exposure to television violence causes greater aggressiveness.
Solving these problems cannot depend on the simple rise in the price of petrol.
3. S+V+IO+DO→主語+謂語(及物動詞)+間接賓語+直接賓語
I bought John a birthday present.
Please tell me your telephone number.
eg. 1.廣告給我們提供很多有用的信息。
Advertisements supply us much useful information
2.家長應該保證孩子接受教育的機會。[guarantee]
Parents should guarantee their children the access to f
4 .S+V+P→主語+系動詞+表語(+狀語)
He became a scientist.
They are honest.
eg. 目前，對于許多國家的年輕人來說，高中畢業(yè)后從學習中休息一下是非常普遍的。[have a break from]
It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after
eg.出現(xiàn)在商業(yè)廣告中的信息有時候是誤導性和欺騙性的。
The information that appears in the commercial sometimes are che
5. S+V+O+C (主+謂+賓+賓補)
The war made him a soldier.
New methods make the job easy.
1.School bullying makes students afraid of going to school.
2.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists,
【練習】
1) 學會與別人合作是一個人職業(yè)中的關鍵因素
2) 父母們總是期望他們的孩子出人頭地。
3) 媒體中的暴力可能會給孩子呈現(xiàn)出不好的范例。
旅游者有機會去充分體驗完全不同的文化。
第三講 時態(tài)問題
【注意】
★ 寫作中，常用時態(tài)有四種：一般現(xiàn)在時，現(xiàn)在進行時，現(xiàn)在完成時，一般將來時
★ 口語中，注意時態(tài)的正確使用，特別是過去時
一、 寫作中常用時態(tài)
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時：注意第三人稱單數(shù)
【你來翻譯】
1) 做兼職工作對一個人的將來的事業(yè)有深遠的影響。[exert profound impacts on]
Taking part-time jobs exerts profound impacts on one’s future career.
2) 國際旅游業(yè)促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。
International tourism promotes the economic development.
3) 電子書籍的發(fā)展將帶來書籍業(yè)的重大變化。
The development of e-books will bring major changes in the book industry.
2. 現(xiàn)在進行時：表示逐漸的過程
【常用句型】
1) XXX is developing / increasing / advancing rapidly/dramatically/at an amazing rate.
2) XXX is becoming increasingly popular / prevalent in the contemporary world.
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時： 常用來表示變化發(fā)展的結(jié)果。
【時間搭配】 In recent years / In the past decades…
1) 最近幾十年期間，科技極大的改變了人們的生活。
In recent years, technology has reshaped people’s life.
2) 最近幾年，現(xiàn)代的科技已經(jīng)被廣泛的應用于教育中，這在一定程度上豐富了傳統(tǒng)的教學方法。
In recent years, modern technology has been widely applied to education in schools, which, to meth.
3) Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis.
4. 一般將來時：常用來表示對將來一種趨勢的預測，
【常用句式】 will do (be expected / predicted to do (表示一種預測) )
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