2017自考《英語(yǔ)一》語(yǔ)法大全：時(shí)態(tài)篇

　　在語(yǔ)法里，時(shí)或時(shí)態(tài)表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間和說(shuō)話時(shí)的關(guān)系。一般分為過(guò)去式、現(xiàn)在式、將來(lái)式，通常也有與表示動(dòng)作進(jìn)行或終止的進(jìn)行式和完成式等體貌一起相連用的情況。以下是百分網(wǎng)小編搜索整理的關(guān)于自考《英語(yǔ)一》語(yǔ)法大全：時(shí)態(tài)篇，供參考復(fù)習(xí)，希望對(duì)大家有所幫助!想了解更多相關(guān)信息請(qǐng)持續(xù)關(guān)注我們應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生考試網(wǎng)!

　　一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

　　1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的定義

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(可能要繼續(xù)下去)

　　2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由“助動(dòng)詞have/has+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的

　　3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本句型

　　肯定式I have worked He /She/ It has worked We have worked You have worked

　　They have worked

　　疑問(wèn)式Have I worked? Has he /she / it worked? Have we worked? Have you worked?

　　Have they worked?

　　否定式I have not worked I haven’t worked He /She / It has not worked He / She / It hasn’t worked We have not worked We haven’t worked You have not worked You haven’t worked

　　They have not worked They haven’t worked

　　4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基本用法

　　a. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在所產(chǎn)生的影響，后面通常不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但句中常出現(xiàn)already, just, yet等副詞。如：

　　Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。

　　I’ve just finished reading the novel.我剛剛讀完這本小說(shuō)。

　　Have you seen the doctor yet?你看過(guò)醫(yī)生了嗎?

　　注：already和yet用法上的區(qū)別

　　already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句，常用于句末。但already有時(shí)也可用語(yǔ)疑問(wèn)句中暗示驚訝的心情。如：

　　b. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，常和for, since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　I have learned English for 5 years.

　　He lived in Beijing since he was born.

　　注：(1) for和since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別: for + 一段時(shí)間, since + 一點(diǎn)時(shí)間 從句(從句中常用一般過(guò)去時(shí))

　　(2)表示繼續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可和lately, recently, so far, up to now, till now, in the past(last) few years……, this week (month, year……), all day, all this week等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　Tom has had a toothache all day.

　　I haven’t heard from him recently.

　　(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)也可表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過(guò)或做過(guò)的事情，常和often, ever, never, before, once, …times等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　I’ve never been to Beijing.我從沒(méi)去過(guò)北京。

　　He has read this book before.他以前讀過(guò)這本書。

　　1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

　　(1)兩者都可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而后者則是表示過(guò)去動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。

　　(2)兩者都可表示過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)含義為該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則說(shuō)明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。如：

　　He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。(動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù))

　　He lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年。(動(dòng)作已結(jié)束)

　　2. 點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別

　　所謂點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞是指含有終止或短暫意義的動(dòng)詞。如：begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive, join, marry等動(dòng)詞。它們通常不與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　I have bought a book.我買了一本書。

　　I’ve had this book for three weeks.這本書我已經(jīng)買了三星期了。

　　某些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可以與since連用，表示重復(fù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如：

　　I have met her often since I moved here.

　　They have gone fishing five times since last spring.

　　有些非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中可以與since或for短語(yǔ)連用。如：

　　He has never touched beer for a whole week.

　　I haven't bought anything for a year.

　　3. has been to和has gone to的區(qū)別

　　has been to表示“曾經(jīng)去過(guò)”說(shuō)明所提及的對(duì)象一回到說(shuō)話地點(diǎn)

　　has gone to表示“去……”說(shuō)明所提及的對(duì)象不在說(shuō)話地點(diǎn)。如：

　　I’ve been to Beijing for many times.我到過(guò)北京很多次了。

　　Tom has gone to Beijing and will come back next week.湯姆已到北京去了，下星期才回來(lái)。

　　4. have got的含義

　　have got形式上是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，卻和have是同一個(gè)意思

　　She has got a slight temperature. She has a slight temperature.她有點(diǎn)發(fā)燒。

　　Have you got a new dictionary? Do you have a new dictionary?你有一本新字典嗎?

　　5. 注意下面各句的意思：

　　He has gone for two days. 他走了，將離開(kāi)兩天。= He has gone and will be away for two days.

　　She has come for a week. 她來(lái)了，要呆一個(gè)星期。= She has come and will stay here for a week.

　　I haven't heard from her since she lived in Nanjing. 自從她離開(kāi)南京以來(lái)，我一直沒(méi)有她的音信。

　　1.You won’t know if it fits you until you ___ it on.

　　A. will try B. are trying C. try D. have tried

　　2.It’s said that he ___ sent to Australia to improve his English.

　　A. would be B. was to be C. has been D. had been

　　3.This is the second time you ___ late this week.

　　A. had arrived B. arrived C. have arrived D. arrive

　　4.The living standard of the people in Nanjing ___ since1983.

　　A. has raised B. had been risen C. has risen D. rose

　　5.Mr. Smith has lived in Canada for twelve years, so he ___ life there.

　　A. used to B. get used to C. got used to D. has got used to

　　6.Mike ___ with Jane for one year.

　　A. has been in love B. has fallen in love C. has been loved D. has loved

　　7. Tom was said to ___ Mary for 40 years.

　　A. have been married to B. have married with C. have been married with D. had married with

　　8.Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___.

　　A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up

　　C. have taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up

　　9.Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.

　　A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying

　　10.The price ___, but I doubt whether it will remain so.

　　A. went down B. will go down C. has gone down D. was going down

　　二、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的定義

　　過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)常表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或過(guò)去某一階段內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

　　2過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

　　過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“be動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

　　3過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本句型

　　肯定式I was working He / She / it was working. We were working. They were working You were working

　　疑問(wèn)式Were you working? Was he / she / it working? Yes, he / she / it was. No, he / she / it wasn’t. Were we working? Were you working? Were they working?

　　否定式I was not working He / she / it was not working. We were not working You were not working They were not working

　　4過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

　　a.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常和表過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如：

　　I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在做作業(yè)。

　　They were expecting you yesterday.他們昨天一直在等待。

　　b.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可與soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，表示一個(gè)新的動(dòng)作剛剛開(kāi)始。如：

　　Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久鎮(zhèn)上的人就都談?wù)撈疬@種事了。

　　c.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)申述原因或用作借口，這種用法常用在口語(yǔ)中。如：

　　-- Have you finished your homework, Mary?瑪麗，你作業(yè)做完了嗎?

　　-- No, I was helping my mother is the kitchen all day yesterday.還沒(méi)呢，我昨天一天都幫媽媽在廚房干活。

　　d.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來(lái)為一個(gè)后一系列動(dòng)作的發(fā)生提供背景。如：

　　I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike.我在騎車時(shí)把腿摔壞了。

　　e.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或打算，這時(shí)be動(dòng)詞was/were要重讀。如：

　　I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it .我本該今天早上給他寫信的，后來(lái)全給忘了。

　　I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本來(lái)打算明天會(huì)見(jiàn)她。

　　He was watching the play yesterday, but he was too busy. 他昨天本來(lái)要看那場(chǎng)戲的，可是太忙了。

　　5 一般過(guò)去時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別

　　(1)一般過(guò)去式常表示在過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)(包括過(guò)去習(xí)慣動(dòng)作)，常與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有just now, a moment ago, yesterday, last week(month, year), the day before yesterday及表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：

　　I was sixteen yesterday old last year.我去年16歲。

　　He worked in a factory in 1986.他1986年在一家工廠工作。

　　I met her in the street the day before yesterday.前天我在街上遇見(jiàn)了她。

　　He often swam in the river when he was young.他小時(shí)侯常在河里游泳。

　　(2)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與之連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week…), at+點(diǎn)鐘+yesterday (last night / Sunday…)，when sb. did sth等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。

　　What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七點(diǎn)你在干什么?

　　I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time.我第一次遇到瑪麗是在三年前，當(dāng)時(shí)她在一家無(wú)線電商店工作。

　　I was cooking when she knocked at the door.她敲門時(shí)我正在做飯。

　　(3)一般過(guò)去時(shí)往往表示某一動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，而過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動(dòng)作在持續(xù)或未完成。如：

　　I saw you while you were speaking to the teacher.你在和老師談話時(shí)我看見(jiàn)了你。

　　注意：有的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)既可用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，也可用于過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，但含義不同。如：

　　She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚給她的朋友寫了封信。(信寫完了)

　　She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在給她的朋友寫信。(信不一定寫完)

　　一、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

　　1.when 和while引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的過(guò)程中時(shí)要用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，while表示一段時(shí)間，因此它所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，如：

　　When/While we were having supper, the light went out.我們正在吃飯時(shí)燈熄滅了。

　　2.when用作并列連詞時(shí)，主句常用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，從句則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過(guò)程中，另一個(gè)意想不到的動(dòng)作發(fā)生了。如：

　　I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走時(shí)突然有人喊我。

　　二、下面幾種情況不用一般過(guò)去時(shí)而要用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)：

　　1. 表示過(guò)去某一階段暫時(shí)性的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作時(shí)。如：

　　Tom was getting up at six o’clock every day that week.湯姆那一周里每天都是六點(diǎn)鐘起床。

　　2. 與always連用表示贊美，厭煩等感情色彩時(shí)。如：

　　John was always coming to school late.約翰上學(xué)總是遲到。

　　Lei Feng was always doing good deeds for the people.雷鋒總是為人民做好事。

　　3. 用來(lái)描寫故事發(fā)生的情景時(shí)。如：

　　It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A PLA man suddenly appeared on the river bank. He wanted to cross the river.那是一個(gè)漆黑的夜晚，風(fēng)刮得很厲害，雨下得很大，一個(gè)解放軍戰(zhàn)士突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上，他想過(guò)河去。

　　4. when作并列連詞，表示“(這時(shí))突然”之意時(shí)，第一個(gè)并列分句用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，when引導(dǎo)的并列分句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如：

　　I was taking a walk when I met him.我正在散步，突然遇見(jiàn)了他。

　　We were playing outside when it began to rain.我們正在外邊玩，這時(shí)下起雨來(lái)了。

　　5go, come, leave, start, arrive等動(dòng)詞可用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去將來(lái)的含義。如：

　　I was leaving for Wuhan that day.那天我正要去武漢。

　　She was coming later.她隨后就來(lái)。

　　三、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示婉轉(zhuǎn)語(yǔ)氣(只限于want, hope, wonder 等動(dòng)詞)，用以提出請(qǐng)求。如：

　　I was wondering if you could help me.

　　I was hoping you could send me home.

　　1.My brother ___ while he ___ his bicycle and hurt himself.

　　A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding C. had fallen, rode D. had fallen, was riding

　　2. Tom ___ into the house when no one ___.

　　A. slipped, was looking B. had slipped, looked C. slipped, had looked D. was slipping, looked

　　3.The last time I __ Jane she ___ cotton in the fields.

　　A. had seen, was picking B. saw, picked C. had seen, picked D. saw, was picking

　　4.I don’t think Jim saw me; he ___ into space.

　　A. just stared B. was just staring C. has just stared D. had just stared

　　5.I first met Lisa three years ago. She ___ at a radio shop at the time.

　　A. has worked B. was working C. had been working D. had worked

　　6.---Hey, look where you are going! ---Oh, I’m terribly sorry.________.

　　A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice

　　7. The reporter said that the UFO ___ east to west when he saw it.

　　A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel

　　8. I ___ my breakfast when the morning post came.

　　A. had B. had been having C. have been having D. was having

　　9.When I arrived at his office, he ___ on the phone.

　　A. was speaking B. spoke C. had been speaking D. had spoken

　　10. “What’s the matter, Ali? You look sad.”

　　“Oh, nothing much. As a matter of fact, I ___ of my friends back home.”

　　A. just thought B. have just been thinking C. was just thinking D. have just thought

　　三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)

　　1 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的定義

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)表在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻以前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”

　　2 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

　　過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had+過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成

　　3 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本句型

　　肯定式I had worked He/She/It had worked We had worked You had worked They had worked

　　否定式I had not worked He /She/It had not worked We had not worked You had not worked They had not worked

　　疑問(wèn)式Had I worked? Had he/she/it worked? Had we worked? Had you worked? Had they worked?

　　簡(jiǎn)略回答Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t. Yes, he/she/it had. No, he/she/it hadn’t. Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t. Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t. Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.

　　4 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的基本用法

　　(1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”�？梢杂胋y, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示，也可以用一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)表示，還可能通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。例如：

　　By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘，我們已經(jīng)收到200　張飛船發(fā)來(lái)的圖片。

　　(2)表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如：

　　I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當(dāng)車來(lái)的時(shí)候，我在車站已等了20分鐘。

　　He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說(shuō)自從1949年以來(lái)他就在那家工廠工作。

　　(3)敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情，在已敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情后，反過(guò)來(lái)追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，常使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：

　　Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

　　I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知，因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。

　　(4)在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中，如果敘述的是過(guò)去的事，先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：

　　I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。

　　She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。

　　(5)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語(yǔ)從句(或間接引語(yǔ))中，這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前。例如：

　　He said that he had known her well.他說(shuō)他很熟悉她。

　　I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

　　(6)在包含有when, until等連詞的復(fù)合句中，如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的，那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示。例如：

　　When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒來(lái)時(shí)雨已停了。

　　She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺(jué)。

　　注意：如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生，則常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，這時(shí)可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：

　　After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語(yǔ)水平。

　　(7)動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，希望，打算或意圖等。例如：

　　They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來(lái)打算去幫忙，但沒(méi)有及時(shí)趕到那里。

　　We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來(lái)希望能來(lái)看看你。

　　(8)過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：

　　Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開(kāi)始演講，聽(tīng)眾就打斷了他。

　　No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。

　　It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。

　　1.歷史事實(shí)通常用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示，如：

　　They learned that President Lincoln led the American War.

　　He told the students that Hitler killed millions of Jews.

　　2.過(guò)去完成時(shí)可以代替一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示驚奇，如：

　　I saw her coming, but in a minute, she had disappeared.

　　They wanted to keep it a secret, but a few days later, everyone had known it.

　　3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)可表示對(duì)后來(lái)動(dòng)作的影響，對(duì)比下面兩組句子：

　　A) He had eaten something before taking dinner. (So he had no appetite at dinner.)

　　B) He ate something before taking dinner. (He might have his usual appetite at dinner.)

　　A) She felt better after she had taken a few days'' rest. (Feeling better is the result of taking a few days'' rest.)

　　B) She felt better after she took a few days'' rest. (Feeling better may not be the result of taking a few days''s rest.)

　　單項(xiàng)選擇

　　1.By the time he was twelve, Edison ______ to make a living by himself.

　　A. would begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun

　　2.That dinner was the most expensive meal we _______.

　　A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had

　　3.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests ______ when he ______ at the party.

　　A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived

　　4.When Jack arrived he learned Mary ______ for almost an hour.

　　A. had gone B. has set off C. had left D. had been away

　　5. ---How long _______ each other before they ______ married? ---For about a year.

　　A. have they known; get B. did they know; were going to get

　　C. do they know; are going to get D. had they known; got

　　6.Helen ________ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _______ home.

　　A. has left; comes B. left; had come C. had left; came D. had left; would come

　　下列各句中出現(xiàn)了時(shí)態(tài)使用錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)指出并改正

　　1.When she was at the middle school, she often reads in the library.

　　2.When she got home, the children went to bed.

　　3.He said he didn’t see his uncle for many years.

　　4.I didn’t go to see the film because I saw it before.

　　5.The wind was still blowing, but the rain has stopped.

　　6.By the end of last term we learned about 1,500 English words.

　　7.Lu Xun had spoken to the youth about the study of the foreign language.

　　8.Yang Mei learned some English before she came to this school.

　　四、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

　　1 定義

　　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。

　　2 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

　　現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has+been+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成

　　3 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本句型

　　肯定式I have been working. He/She/It has been working. We/You/They have been working.

　　疑問(wèn)式Have you been working? Has he/she/it been working? Have they been working?

　　簡(jiǎn)略回答Yes, I/we have.No, I/we haven’t. Yes, he/she/it has.No, he/she/it hasn’t. Yes, they have.No, they haven’t.

　　注： 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)基本上沒(méi)有否定結(jié)構(gòu)

　　4 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的語(yǔ)法作用

　　(1)在強(qiáng)調(diào)指出動(dòng)作還未結(jié)束，還要繼續(xù)下去。如：I’ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven’t finished it. 這本書我已讀了兩個(gè)小時(shí)了，但我還沒(méi)讀完。

　　I’ve read this book.我已讀完這本書了。

　　(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)久或帶感情色彩。

　　She has always been working like that.她一貫是這樣工作的。

　　(3)動(dòng)作不包含持續(xù)意義的動(dòng)作，要表示延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作，要用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

　　They’ve been building a ship.(在進(jìn)行)他們一直在造一艘船。

　　(4)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也可表示現(xiàn)在以前這段時(shí)間反復(fù)發(fā)生的事情。

　　We’ve been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我們經(jīng)常見(jiàn)面。

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別

　　(1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，它是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式。試比較：

　　We’ve been living here for ten years.

　　We’ve lived here for ten years.我們?cè)谶@兒已經(jīng)住了十年了。

　　(2)在不用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行。而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則表示動(dòng)作在過(guò)去已結(jié)束。如：

　　The students have been preparing for the exam.(還在進(jìn)行)學(xué)生們一直在準(zhǔn)備考試。

　　The students have prepared for the exam.(已經(jīng)結(jié)束)學(xué)生們?yōu)榭荚囎髁藴?zhǔn)備。

　　(3)有些表示狀態(tài)，感情，感覺(jué)的動(dòng)詞如：have, exist, like, hate, hear, know, sound等動(dòng)詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

　　They’ve known each other since 1970.自從1970年起他們就相互認(rèn)識(shí)了。

　　單項(xiàng)選擇

　　1.Even though they ___ for twenty years, the two neighbours are not on good terms.

　　A. have been lived side by side B. had been living side by side

　　C. have been side by side living D. have been living side by side

　　2.I haven’t seen Mary these past few days, I’m afraid she ___ herself for some time.

　　A. hasn’t been feeling B. hadn’t been feeling C. isn’t feeling D. wasn’t feeling

　　3.She ___ on this essay for twenty minutes but she has written only about a hundred words.

　　A. will be working B. worked C. has been working D. will have worked

　　4.---Hi, Tracy, you look tired. ---I’m tired. I ___ the living room all day.

　　A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted

　　5.---Hi, Joan, I have seen you for weeks. What ___ recently?

　　---Carrying on some research on wildlife.

　　A. have you been doing B. have you done C. were you doing D. did you do

　　6.You must be tired now since you ___ for five hours.

　　A. have been worked B. have been working C. worked D. would work

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