考研英語(yǔ)沖刺階段的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)
在考研沖刺階段，大家不要忽視了一些重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)，不管是完型、閱讀還是翻譯寫(xiě)作，語(yǔ)法都是非常關(guān)鍵的。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)沖刺階段的語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)知識(shí)，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)虛擬語(yǔ)氣知識(shí)點(diǎn)
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的重點(diǎn)是：
1.一些常見(jiàn)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句型或結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來(lái)表示要求、的建議、的命令、的提議、的意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、的賓語(yǔ)從句、的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式。
3.主從句表示不同的時(shí)間概念、的事實(shí)或假設(shè)情況，從而交錯(cuò)成為復(fù)合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
4.含蓄條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的表示愿望的虛擬形式。
上述四個(gè)要點(diǎn)往往在完形填空或者閱讀理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考這方面的知識(shí)的題目，而在閱讀理解里，我們掌握上述四個(gè)重點(diǎn)對(duì)于我們理解文章的大意和作者態(tài)度很有幫助，了解哪些觀點(diǎn)是作者假設(shè)的、的虛擬的，哪些是真實(shí)的，這樣對(duì)于我們回答關(guān)于作者態(tài)度觀點(diǎn)題很有幫助。
下面我們將主要從上述四個(gè)方面來(lái)重點(diǎn)論述在考試中應(yīng)該注意的問(wèn)題。
一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的常見(jiàn)類(lèi)型和句型
(1) 由wish引起的表示愿望的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
A.用wish表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：過(guò)去式(be動(dòng)詞用were)。
B.用wish表示對(duì)將來(lái)的愿望時(shí)，它所引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：would, could, might+ 動(dòng)詞原形。
C.wish用于對(duì)過(guò)去的事實(shí)表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為：had+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞或could, would + have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.
---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”
---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”
I wish that he weren’t so lazy.
(2) had hoped引起的賓語(yǔ)從句中備用語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為would+動(dòng)詞原形，表示一種過(guò)去未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.
(3) would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的從句中要求用過(guò)去式表示當(dāng)時(shí)或?qū)?lái)的情況，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去的情況，表示希望或婉轉(zhuǎn)的責(zé)備。例如：
I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把這封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那兒可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把這本書(shū)還了。
(4) It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that從句中要求用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式，即動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.
It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.現(xiàn)在是我們?cè)摻Y(jié)束講座的時(shí)候了。
(5)as, 或者whether…or…謂語(yǔ)多用be的原形，引導(dǎo)讓步虛擬從句，這種用法通常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
(6)由連接詞in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的狀語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬形式，即should(might, would)+動(dòng)詞原形，例如：
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那個(gè)嬰兒身上蓋上了毯子以免他著涼。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(7) if it were not for…與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反， if it had not been for與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，兩個(gè)都相當(dāng)于but for：
If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.
(8) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于as if(though)引起的方式狀語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句中，其動(dòng)詞形式與wish賓語(yǔ)從句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常發(fā)出發(fā)自?xún)?nèi)心的微笑，而且她那美好的情緒像天上一道明亮的陽(yáng)光一樣，常常流露出來(lái)。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他們交談著，就好像他們是我年的老朋友一樣。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起來(lái)好像要哭了。
(9)其它各種句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
二、特殊形式的虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣的特殊形式，即用來(lái)表示要求、的建議、的命令、的提議、的意愿等的主語(yǔ)從句、的賓語(yǔ)從句、的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬形式，其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成往往是由should(可省略)+動(dòng)詞原形that從句。
A、的 用于表示意愿、的建議、的命令、的提議、的請(qǐng)求等動(dòng)詞后的that賓語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有：
ask要求 advise建議 arrange安排 beg請(qǐng)求
command命令 decide決定 demand要求 desire渴望
determine決定 insist堅(jiān)持 intend打算 maintain堅(jiān)持主張
move建議，動(dòng)員 propose提議 object反對(duì) order命令
prefer建議 require 需要 request要求 resolve下決心
recommend推薦 suggest建議 stipulate約定，規(guī)定 urge強(qiáng)調(diào)，促進(jìn)
vote公認(rèn)，提議 decree頒布(法令) pray請(qǐng)求
注意：這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…來(lái)表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒(méi)有什么差別。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.(書(shū)面體)
She advised us to keep the gate locked.(口語(yǔ))
She advised keeping the gate locked.(較隨便)
B、的用于It is+形容詞或過(guò)去分詞+主語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)形容詞或分詞有：
advisable合理的 decided決定的 crucial關(guān)鍵的 appropriate恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>
determined決定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential緊要的
complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的
desirable合意的 better較好的 insistent堅(jiān)持的 desired想要
asked請(qǐng)求 keen渴望的 incredible難以置信的 adamant堅(jiān)定不移的
natural自然的 insisted堅(jiān)持 necessary必要的 suggested建議
urgent緊迫的 ordered命令 shocked震驚的 vital極其重要的
possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable (好一點(diǎn))proposed提議
requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推薦 resolved決定的
probable(可能的) pity可惜，憾事 shame遺憾
注意：這類(lèi)形容詞后面除了可接that虛擬句以外，也可以for…to do…
來(lái)表達(dá)，一般情況下，意思沒(méi)有什么差別。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.
It is essential for him to be prepared for this.
C.用于由表示建議、的要求、的命令、的請(qǐng)示等含義的名詞引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中，這類(lèi)名詞常見(jiàn)的有：
advice忠告 decision決定 demand要求 desire要求、的愿望
insistence堅(jiān)持 motion提議 necessity必要性 order命令
preference偏愛(ài) proposal提議 pray懇求 recommendation推薦
request要求 requirement要求 resolution決心 suggestion勸告、的忠告
例如：
This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.這是他們的決議：要使得課外活動(dòng)成為他們學(xué)校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.該提議要求把最后一個(gè)發(fā)言的人的講話從記錄上除掉。
三、的混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣
有時(shí)主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)需要用混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，在這種情況下，主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞指代的時(shí)間不同，所以我們又可以錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句，在這種虛擬情況，動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況靈活使用，在做這些題目時(shí)候尤其要注意每道題目的提示語(yǔ)：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。絕大多數(shù)情況下，從句或者主句都有相關(guān)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，這是我解題的關(guān)鍵。
If you that late movie last night, you wouldn’t be so sleepy.
A. haven’t watched B. didn’t watch
C. hadn’t watched D. wouldn’t have watched 答案選C。
Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
混合虛擬語(yǔ)氣還有一種情況就是事實(shí)和虛擬假設(shè)的混合句，這樣的句子不僅僅是時(shí)間的不同，而重要是事實(shí)和假設(shè)的混合。
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.
該句前半部分是假設(shè)虛擬，而后半部分是事實(shí)的陳述。
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.
該句前半句用的是假設(shè)虛擬，后半句主句也用的是假設(shè)虛擬(如果你去并且解釋的'話)，但是后半句的從句用的是事實(shí)語(yǔ)氣，因?yàn)?ldquo;父母病了”是客觀事實(shí)，故不需要用虛擬形式had been。
四、含蓄虛擬條件句
含蓄條件句是指句中沒(méi)有明顯的虛擬條件句，而是利用其他手段來(lái)暗示存在虛擬條件。但是這類(lèi)隱含式虛擬條件句往往都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為if引導(dǎo)的條件句。常來(lái)表示含蓄虛擬條件的手段有：
(1)介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。
the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadn’t been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案選B。
But that she was afraid, she would have said no.
(2)連詞，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等。
She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.
If only I had more money, I could buy a car.
(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用should+動(dòng)詞原形，但可以不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，而用動(dòng)詞的陳述語(yǔ)氣形式。)例如：
The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 這位外籍教師說(shuō)得很慢以免我們聽(tīng)不懂。
Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法時(shí)要小心謹(jǐn)慎，以免會(huì)發(fā)生溢流現(xiàn)象。
(3)通過(guò)上下文及內(nèi)在含義，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等類(lèi)似轉(zhuǎn)折詞。
I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.
A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep選擇 B。
(4)形容詞及其比較級(jí)
A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.
A less conscientious man wouldn’t have tried so hard to get this job done.
(5)分詞短語(yǔ)
Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.
Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.
(6)動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虛擬。
I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.
To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.
She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.
It would be easier to do it this way.
(7)名詞短語(yǔ)和名詞+and結(jié)構(gòu)
A judicious man would not have committed suicide.
A diligent student would have worked harder.
(8)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
All things considered, the price would be reasonable.
(9)定語(yǔ)從句
Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.
A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.
(10)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成式暗示虛擬語(yǔ)氣：
I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(11)動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬
動(dòng)詞原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一種虛擬，最常見(jiàn)于正式文體中，動(dòng)詞原形一般用在條件從句中，有時(shí)倒裝置于句首，同時(shí)這種用法也常見(jiàn)于獨(dú)立句中表達(dá)愿望。
God bless you!
All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.
She’ll be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).
If that be so, we shall take action at once.
考研英語(yǔ)沖刺語(yǔ)法倒裝的八類(lèi)用法
英語(yǔ)句子的語(yǔ)序一般是固定的：主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)在后，這叫陳述語(yǔ)序。謂語(yǔ)的全部或一部分(助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)放在主語(yǔ)之前的現(xiàn)象稱(chēng)為倒裝。倒裝有兩種情況：語(yǔ)法倒裝和修辭倒裝。因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)而必須倒裝的，叫語(yǔ)法倒裝;為達(dá)到某種修辭目的而倒裝的，叫修辭倒裝。我們學(xué)習(xí)倒裝的主要目的是增加對(duì)英語(yǔ)句式多樣性的認(rèn)識(shí)，以便在寫(xiě)作和口語(yǔ)中使用，這也是我們學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的主要目的。
1、一般疑問(wèn)句和特殊疑問(wèn)句要倒裝
例如：
Shall I open the door? 要我開(kāi)門(mén)嗎?
Are you cold? 你冷嗎?
Can you read this poem in German? 你能用德語(yǔ)朗誦這首詩(shī)嗎?
Which of the pictures do you like best? 你最喜歡哪張畫(huà)?
How are you getting along? 你目前怎么樣?
When will there be lasting peace in the world?
什么時(shí)候世界上才能有持久的和平?
2、There be 句型當(dāng)中。There be 句型表達(dá)的意思是：“某處有….”。這個(gè)句型的主語(yǔ)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后面，因此這是倒裝語(yǔ)序。
例如：
There are not many people who want to read this book.
想看這本書(shū)的人不多。
There once lived a pack of wolves in this cave.
在這個(gè)洞里曾經(jīng)住過(guò)一群狼。
There happened to be a taxi parked at the gate.
碰巧門(mén)口停著一輛出租車(chē)。
There is going to be a change in our arrangement.
我們的安排將有一個(gè)變化。
3、當(dāng)連詞as 表示“雖然、盡管”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，句子要倒裝，as 相當(dāng)于though,可以替換。
如：
Small as/though the atom is, we can smash it.
盡管原子很小，我們可以擊碎它。
Tired as/though he was, he went on working.
(=Although he was very tired, he went on working.)
雖然他很累，他還是接著工作。
Cold as/though it was, we went out. 雖然天氣冷，我們還是出去了。
Child as/though she is, she knows a great deal.
她雖然是個(gè)孩子，但她懂得很多。
Teacher as he is, he knows little about teaching.
盡管他是個(gè)老師，但不懂什么教學(xué)。
Pilots as he claims he is, no one has ever seen him fly a plane.
盡管他聲稱(chēng)是個(gè)飛行員，但誰(shuí)也沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)他非飛機(jī)。
注意后四句是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)作表語(yǔ)并提前，習(xí)慣上不用冠詞。
4、虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件從句中的if 被省略時(shí)，要把從句中的were, had 或should 移到主語(yǔ)之前。(if 的省略、倒裝只限于從句中有were, had 或should這三個(gè)詞時(shí)。)
例如：
If I had been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.
=Had I been in your place, I wouldn’t have given it up so early.
如果我在你的位置，我不會(huì)這樣早放棄。
If he were to succeed, the sun would rise from the west.
=Were he to succeed, the sun….
如果他能成功，太陽(yáng)就會(huì)從西邊出來(lái)。
If you should be asked about this, say that you know nothing.
=Should you be asked about this, say……
如果有人問(wèn)起你這件事，你就說(shuō)你什么也不知道。
Were there no air or water, there would be no life on the earth.
如果沒(méi)有空氣和水，地球上就不會(huì)有生命。
Had you been more careful, you might have avoided the mistake.
如果你再細(xì)心點(diǎn)，本來(lái)事可以避免這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的。
5、以so開(kāi)頭的，表示“也一樣”，“也這樣”的句子要倒裝。So 用于肯定句，代替上文中的形容詞、名詞或動(dòng)詞，通常指前面所說(shuō)的肯定情況也適用于其他人或物。結(jié)構(gòu)是“so + be (do, have 其他助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)+主語(yǔ)”。
如：
Production is going up, so is the people’s standard of living.
生產(chǎn)不斷發(fā)展，人們的生活水平也一樣。
Society has changed and so have the people in it. 社會(huì)變了，
社會(huì)上的人也變了。
Coal is under the ground, and so is oil. 煤在地底下，石油也是。
He saw it, and so did I. 他看見(jiàn)了，我也看見(jiàn)了。
They can swim now, and so can we. 他們現(xiàn)在能游泳，我們也能。
We must start for the work-site now. So must you.
我們?cè)搫?dòng)身去工地了，你們也該去了。
注意：如果只是對(duì)前句的內(nèi)容表示同意，則不要倒裝。
如：
It was hot yesterday. ?So it was! 昨天很熱。是的。
He works very hard. ?So he does. 他工作很努力。是的。
Tomorrow will be Monday. ?So it will. 明天星期一。對(duì)。
翻譯下列句子：
1)我會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。我弟弟也會(huì)。
I can speak English. So can my brother.
2)他們上星期日到頤和園去了。我們也去了。
They went to the Summer Palace last Sunday. So did we.
3)他去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城。我也去過(guò)。
He has been to the Great Wall. So have I.
4)她喜歡教英語(yǔ)。我姐姐也喜歡。
She enjoys teaching English. So does my sister.
5)你說(shuō)他很努力，對(duì)，他確實(shí)很努力，你也一樣。
You say he works hard. So he does, and so do you.
注意：在so…..that…..結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果so 在句首，通常也用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
So easy is it that a boy can learn it.
那很容易，小孩子都能學(xué)。
(原句是：It is so easy that a boy can learn it.)
So rapidly did he speak that we could hardly understand him clearly. 他說(shuō)得很快，我們簡(jiǎn)直聽(tīng)不清楚。
(原句是：He spoke so rapidly that we could hardly understand him clearly.)
6、以neither與nor開(kāi)頭的句子，表示“…也不”時(shí)，句子倒裝。Neither 與nor 意思相同，可以互換。Neither, nor 用于否定句，通常指前面所說(shuō)的否定情況也適用于其他人或物。結(jié)構(gòu)是：Neither (nor) + be (do, have, 其他助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞) +主語(yǔ)。
例如：
I won’t do such a thing. Nor/Neither will anyone else.
我不會(huì)做這樣的事，別人也不會(huì)。
The first one wasn’t good and neither was the second.
第一個(gè)不好，第二個(gè)也不好。
I won’t go there. Neither will she.
我將不去那里。她也不去。
翻譯練習(xí)：
1)我不知道他住哪兒。她也不知道。
I don’t know where he lives. Neither does she.
2)我不知道這兩個(gè)句子的區(qū)別。?他們也不知道。
I don’t know the difference between these two sentences. Nor do they.
3)我昨天晚上沒(méi)有寫(xiě)作文。魏芳也沒(méi)寫(xiě)。
I didn’t write my composition yesterday evening. Neither did Wei Fang.
4)學(xué)生們不在教室里。老師也不在。
The students were not in the classroom. Nor was the teacher.
7、以here, there, now, then 等副詞開(kāi)頭的句子中。習(xí)慣上用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(除以then開(kāi)頭的句子用過(guò)去時(shí))。
例如：
There comes the bus! 汽車(chē)來(lái)了。
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
Now comes your turn. 該輪到你了。
Then came a new difficulty. 接著來(lái)了個(gè)新難題。
Then followed three days of heavy rain. 后來(lái)連著下了三天大雨。
Up went the plane. 飛起來(lái)了飛機(jī)。
Our rushed a cat from under the bed. 從床底下竄出一只貓。
Here is a letter for you. 這兒有你一封信。
注意：在這種句型中，如果主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)就不倒裝。
例如：
Here you are. 給你。
There he comes. 他來(lái)了。
Here it is. 這就是。
8、在表示祝愿的句子中。
如：
May you have a pleasant trip. 祝你旅途愉快。
考研英語(yǔ)沖刺強(qiáng)調(diào)句構(gòu)成及處理知識(shí)點(diǎn)
●強(qiáng)調(diào)句的構(gòu)成：
It is +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that( who ) +句子其他成分
【解析】現(xiàn)在時(shí)間為is;過(guò)去時(shí)間為was;被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為動(dòng)詞外的任何成分;強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為人則用who或者that;強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為物則只能用that;句子的其他成分為正常語(yǔ)序。
●強(qiáng)調(diào)句的處理方法：
去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式后，將被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分還原到句子中。
例1：It was she , a Baltimore printer , who published the first offcial copies of the Declaration , the first included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies .
【解析】
去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式后，還原句子為：She , a Baltimore printer , published the first official copies of the Declaration , the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies 被強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為主與。
【譯文】
她，巴爾的摩的印刷商，出版了第一本官方的《獨(dú)立宣言》在這個(gè)版本里包含有每個(gè)簽署者的名字，這樣一來(lái)就表明了全部十三個(gè)殖民地的支持。
例2：Thus , in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .
【解析】
去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)格式以后，句子還原為：Thus , in the American economic system ，the system , the demand of individual consumers , coupled with the desirs of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes , together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it .被強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)象為主語(yǔ)。
【譯文】于是，在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中，個(gè)人消費(fèi)者的需求，商人利潤(rùn)最大化的欲望及個(gè)人收入最大化的渴求，共同決定了應(yīng)該生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品，以及如何利用資源來(lái)成產(chǎn)這些產(chǎn)品。
例3：It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions.
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