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初二語法知識點總結(jié)
英語開始以拉丁字母作為拼寫系統(tǒng)大約是在公元六世紀(jì)盎格魯撒克遜時代。下面是小編整理的關(guān)于初二語法知識點總結(jié),歡迎大家參考!
(UNIT1)現(xiàn)在完成時的重點和難點
一、現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"和"未完成用法"
1.現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時刻并已結(jié)束,但該動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響,與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。例如:He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。
(動作結(jié)束于過去,但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)
現(xiàn)在完成時"完成用法"的特點是動作不延續(xù),因此,該時態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、頻度時間狀語(如:never,ever,once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時刻在內(nèi)的時間狀語(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)連用。
例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
2.現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來,他一直住在這兒。(動作起始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動作開始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo)),或表示與現(xiàn)在時刻相連的時間狀語(如:up to now,so far到目前為止)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)現(xiàn)在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動詞,不可用于終止性動詞,即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時間很短的動詞。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時常見兩種句型:
、僦髡Z+have / has been+for短語
②It is+一段時間+ since從句
例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了。
3、延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞的概念
英語中,動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式、動作發(fā)生過程的長短,可分為延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞。
延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作,這種動作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
終止性動詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞,表示不能延續(xù)的動作,這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。
4、延續(xù)性動詞的用法特征
1.延續(xù)性動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時,其完成時態(tài)可與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。表示"段時間"的短語有:for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如:I have learned English since I came here.自從我來到這兒就學(xué)英語了。
2.延續(xù)性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的"點時間"狀語連用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(誤) rain為延續(xù)性動詞,而at eight表示"點時間",前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動詞表示一瞬間的動作,可以借助come, begin, get等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如:
-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right.
5、終止性動詞的用法特征
1.終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成,因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如:
The train has arrived.火車到了。
Have you joined the computer group? 你加入電腦小組了嗎?
2.終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續(xù)。因此,不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如:
(1)他死了三年了。 誤:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years. 正:He died three years ago.
正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他來這兒五天了。 誤:He has come here for five days.
正:He has been here for five days. 正:He came here five days ago.
正:It is five days since he came here. 正:Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞,不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那么,應(yīng)如何正確表達(dá)呢?可以采用下面的四種方法:
(1)將句中終止性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動詞,如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達(dá)方式。下面列舉幾例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語,如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達(dá)方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段時間+since..."表達(dá)原意,如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達(dá)方式。
(4)用句型"時間+has passed+since..."表達(dá)原意,如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達(dá)方式。
3.終止性動詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時否定式中,成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài),因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如: He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用,構(gòu)成"not+終止性動詞+until/till ..."的句型,意為"直到......才......"。如:You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能離開這里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.
今天晚上直到我畫完畫,我才上床睡覺。
5.終止性動詞可以用于when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,但不可以用于while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞),也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續(xù)性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程,從句謂語動詞用延續(xù)性動詞。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach為終止性動詞)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away為延續(xù)性動詞短語)
6.終止性動詞完成時不可與how long連用(只限于肯定式)。如:
誤:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here?
正:When did you come here?
二、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
1. 一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。說話的側(cè)重點只在于陳述一件過去的事情,不強(qiáng)調(diào)對"現(xiàn)在"產(chǎn)生的影響。如:
He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年參觀過桂林。(只說明去桂林的時間)
2. 現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過去時間狀語連用。如:
Jill has bought a new computer.吉爾買了一臺新電腦。(著重點是現(xiàn)在有了一臺新電腦)
3. 兩種時態(tài)的區(qū)分
(1)一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式,而現(xiàn)在完成時的謂語基本構(gòu)成是"助動詞have /has +過去分詞"。如:The film started at 7 o'clock. He has been a teacher for many years.
(2)一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而現(xiàn)在完成時則常與just, already, ever, never等副詞和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段時間的狀語連用。
看看以下的幾組句子,有什么區(qū)別?① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)
[說明] 你看過這部電影嗎?(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是被問者對劇情是否了解;(B)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是看這部電影的動作是否發(fā)生過,并不強(qiáng)調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。
② How has he done it?(A) How did he do it?(B)
[說明]他是怎么做的這件事?(A)句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響;
(B)句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。
③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A) He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)
[說明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年,可能還會繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過8年,現(xiàn)在不在北京了。
三、現(xiàn)在完成時考點例析
現(xiàn)在完成時是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時態(tài)。涉及的考點有:
一、考查其構(gòu)成
"助動詞have (has) +動詞過去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時。如:
1. Kate's never seen Chinese films,____ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she
析:陳述句部分含否定詞never,簡略問句部分要用肯定式,又因Kate's是Kate has的縮寫,故選B。
2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改為否定句)
His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.
析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑問句中,故填hasn't, yet。
3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have
析:"so+助/系/情態(tài)動詞+主語"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞形式應(yīng)與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動詞形式保持一致,又后句的主語為her parents是復(fù)數(shù),故選D。
二、考查其用法與標(biāo)志詞
(一)當(dāng)句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等時,常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如:
1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball? -______you______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished
2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______
A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed
C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed
析:據(jù)yet和before可知,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時,故1題選D,2題選D。
(二)當(dāng)句中有"for +段時間"或"since +點時間"等時,主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時,謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞,若是非延續(xù)性動詞,要改為延續(xù)性動詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語)。如:
1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.
A. after B. before C. since D. for
析:主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時,而從句用的是一般過去時,故選C。
2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had
析:A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動詞,在肯定句中不與表"段時間"的短語連用,故選D。
3. I______a letter from him since he left.
A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard
析:據(jù)since可知,應(yīng)排除A、C,"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意為"收到某人的來信",故選B。
三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的區(qū)別。如:
1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, I have.
A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to
析:據(jù)句中的have,排除A,B項意為"去某地了",C項意為"一直呆在某地",D項意為"去過某地",符合題意,故選D。
2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.
A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been
析:本題句中有"for+段時間"結(jié)構(gòu),據(jù)此可排除C,B項意為"去過某地",不合題意,D項缺介詞,故選A。
四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時與其他時態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如:
1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正確的句子)
析:非延續(xù)性動詞與"段時間"連用時,除了把非延續(xù)性動詞改成延續(xù)性動詞外,還可把動詞改為一般過去時或借助句型"It's +段時間+since+從句"進(jìn)行句子轉(zhuǎn)換。故答案為:Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.
2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改為同義句)
________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.
析:據(jù)上題分析,且since引導(dǎo)的從句要用一般過去時,故填I(lǐng)t is, since, came。
3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming
析:因我丟了票的動作發(fā)生在過去,而且對現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂會的結(jié)果,符合現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的含意,故選C。
(UNIT2)過去進(jìn)行時
(注意when while as引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。)
(UNIT3)被動語態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)"三步曲"
被動語態(tài)是動詞語態(tài)的一種形式,表示主語是動作的承受者。在歷年的中考題中,都有一定數(shù)量的考查被動語態(tài)的題目。因此,有必要對被動語態(tài)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)。
第一曲:掌握被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)
被動語態(tài)由"助動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的差異主要體現(xiàn)在助動詞be的變化上,同時助動詞be還要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致,F(xiàn)將初中階段常見的幾種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)總結(jié)如下:
1.一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài):am/is/are+done(指及物動詞的過去分詞,下同)如:
English is used all over the world.
2.一般過去時的被動語態(tài):was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.
3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài):am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.
4.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài):have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.
5.一般將來時的被動語態(tài):will/be going to+be+done如: The work will be finished tomorrow.
6.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài):情態(tài)動詞+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today. 其它幾種特殊句型:
It is said that ........ It is well known that ....... It is reported that........
have sth done
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