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新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4：Unit4 TextA（課文+譯文）
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新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4：Unit4 TextA(課文+譯文)
1.Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy?
1.在上流社會(huì)，對(duì)環(huán)境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對(duì)整容一樣，是一種不可或缺的態(tài)度。然而，既然從泰德•特納到喬治•W.H.布什，每個(gè)人都聲稱自己熱愛(ài)地球母親，那么，在由議員、選民之類的人以環(huán)境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、規(guī)章和法規(guī)中，我們又該如何做出選擇呢?顯而易見(jiàn)，并不是每一項(xiàng)冠以環(huán)境保護(hù)名義的事情都值得去做。我們?cè)鯓硬拍芊蛛x出最佳選擇，并且把我們各自不同的興趣統(tǒng)一在同一個(gè)合理的政策當(dāng)中呢?
2.There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.
2.有一種簡(jiǎn)便的方法。首先要區(qū)分什么是環(huán)境奢侈品，什么是環(huán)境必需品。奢侈品是指那些無(wú)需人類付出代價(jià)就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品則是指那些無(wú)論付出什么代價(jià)，都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區(qū)分原則可以被稱為理性環(huán)保主義的至高原則。它規(guī)定，對(duì)那些直接威脅人類健康與安全的生態(tài)變化采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品，而其他則都屬于奢侈品。
3.For example, preserving the atmosphere - stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect - is an environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.
3.例如，保護(hù)大氣層——阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效應(yīng)——是環(huán)境保護(hù)的必需品。近來(lái)，科學(xué)家報(bào)告說(shuō)臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠(yuǎn)比我們先前認(rèn)為的要嚴(yán)重得多。臭氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關(guān)，而且它還會(huì)破壞海洋生態(tài)。而海洋生態(tài)是食物鏈的起點(diǎn)，人類則位于該食物鏈的頂端。
4.The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate?
4.溫室效應(yīng)所可能引發(fā)的熱效應(yīng)是非常具有毀滅性的：冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒(méi)、氣候遭受破壞、平原干涸，最終食物消失殆盡。美國(guó)中西部地區(qū)的糧食供養(yǎng)著全世界。隨著全球氣候的變化，我們難道準(zhǔn)備看到衣阿華州變成新墨西哥州的沙漠氣候，而西伯利亞變成衣阿華州的溫和氣候嗎?
5.Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.
5.臭氧損耗和溫室效應(yīng)是人類的災(zāi)難，而且是需要緊急處理的災(zāi)難，因?yàn)樗鼈冎苯油{到人類，且后果很難扭轉(zhuǎn)。理性環(huán)保主義——唯一能夠引起公眾共鳴的環(huán)保主張——首先公開(kāi)聲明，自然是服務(wù)于人類的。理性環(huán)保主義是一種完全以人類為中心的思想。它號(hào)召人類保護(hù)自然，但是是在人類自我生存得到保證的前提之下。
6.Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.
6.當(dāng)然，這種以人類為中心的主張與當(dāng)下盛行的環(huán)保主義是格格不入的，后者已經(jīng)沉溺于對(duì)地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至聲稱地球是一個(gè)活的生物體。這種環(huán)保主義喜歡把自己看作是神圣的，其實(shí)它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自然是否友善的問(wèn)題上，當(dāng)下的環(huán)保主義采取了高度選擇性的片面的觀點(diǎn)，而這種觀點(diǎn)與自然造成的災(zāi)難這一現(xiàn)實(shí)是不相協(xié)調(diào)的。當(dāng)龍卷風(fēng)肆虐堪薩斯州，當(dāng)瓢潑大雨襲擊孟加拉國(guó)，毀滅了整座整座的村莊，使幾百萬(wàn)人失去家園的時(shí)候，我對(duì)自然的崇拜便停止了。
7.A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that "Man is the measure of all things." In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR.
7.非感情用事的環(huán)保主義是建立在普羅泰哥拉的格言“人是萬(wàn)物的尺度”的基礎(chǔ)上的。在建立人類權(quán)威的過(guò)程中，這條原則會(huì)幫助我們梳理各種錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)的爭(zhēng)議。就以當(dāng)前關(guān)于是否在北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)的某一角落開(kāi)采石油的激烈爭(zhēng)論為例吧。環(huán)保主義者聯(lián)盟動(dòng)員人們反對(duì)目前正在試圖通過(guò)美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)審議、使這一開(kāi)采行為變得合法化的一項(xiàng)立法行動(dòng)。他們散布說(shuō)美國(guó)應(yīng)該保護(hù)并且節(jié)約能源而不是開(kāi)采能源。這其實(shí)是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的非此即彼的主張。美國(guó)確實(shí)需要征收高額的能源稅以減少能源消耗，但同時(shí)也需要生產(chǎn)更多的能源。政府的估測(cè)表明，在北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)的地下蘊(yùn)藏著美國(guó)五大油田之一的可能性幾乎到達(dá) 50%。我們沒(méi)有尋找安全的方法開(kāi)采北極國(guó)家野生動(dòng)物保護(hù)區(qū)地下的石油，這看上去是不符合情理的。
8.The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.
8.美國(guó)剛剛經(jīng)歷了一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，其部分原因就是為了獲取石油。對(duì)能源的依賴使美國(guó)不但付出了金錢的`代價(jià)，而且也付出了生命的代價(jià)。就因?yàn)榭赡芷茐谋泵礼Z鹿的繁衍地而放棄能夠以和平手段獲得的石油，這是一種十分怪異的感情用事。
9.I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you can't have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.
9.我像別人一樣喜歡馴鹿。如果他們的交配模式受到干擾，我會(huì)感到非常遺憾。但是，魚(yú)和熊掌不能兼得。是要保護(hù)馴鹿，還是要為了避免人們?cè)趹?zhàn)爭(zhēng)中喪生而減少對(duì)石油的依賴，面對(duì)這一僵局，我每次都會(huì)選擇人類而不是馴鹿。
10.I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be - biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.
10.我對(duì)俄勒岡州的斑點(diǎn)貓頭鷹的態(tài)度也是一樣。我絕不是仇視貓頭鷹。如果花很少的代價(jià)就可以保護(hù)貓頭鷹，我會(huì)贊同它應(yīng)受保護(hù)——畢竟，生物多樣性對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是非常必要的。但是，我們必須記住，保持生物多樣性并不意味著要留住每一種物種。有時(shí)候，為了更加根本的利益，我們不得不犧牲一部分生活中美的東西。如果為了保護(hù)斑點(diǎn)貓頭鷹而讓三萬(wàn)伐木工家庭失去生計(jì)，我會(huì)選擇伐木工家庭(包括他們的鋸子和砍伐的木材)，而不是貓頭鷹。
11. The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not. Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But when humans have to choose between their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.
11.重要的是，我們要區(qū)分哪些東西對(duì)環(huán)境保護(hù)是根本性的，哪些是非根本性的。自然受我們的監(jiān)護(hù)，而不是我們的主人。我們應(yīng)該尊重自然，也可以開(kāi)發(fā)利用自然。但是，如果人類必須在自身的福利和自然的福利之間作出選擇，自然則必須作出讓步。
12 .Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up. The most urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened. When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environment - because it is humanity's environment.
12.只有當(dāng)人類的命運(yùn)與自然的命運(yùn)密不可分時(shí)，人類才應(yīng)該作出讓步。當(dāng)人類棲息地的完整性(比如大氣層或維持地球核心的基本地質(zhì)狀況)受到威脅時(shí)，人類就必須立即調(diào)整自己的行為。而當(dāng)人類受到的威脅不大，不太需要對(duì)自己的行為進(jìn)行調(diào)整時(shí)，恰當(dāng)?shù)淖龇ㄊ瞧胶饪紤]經(jīng)濟(jì)方面和與之相對(duì)的健康方面的因素，以便作出適度的調(diào)整。但是，無(wú)論是哪種情況，其遵循的原則是一致的：保護(hù)環(huán)境，因?yàn)檫@是我們?nèi)祟惖沫h(huán)境。
13 .The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.
13.感情用事的環(huán)保主義者會(huì)說(shuō)這種拯救自然的思路是完全錯(cuò)誤的。的確是這樣。理性、明確的環(huán)保主義保護(hù)環(huán)境是為了人類自身，而不是為了自然。
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