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大學(xué)英語unit07家庭的自學(xué)教程
07-A. Families
“Family”—the word has different meanings for different people, and even the dictionary gives us several definitions :“a group of people related by blood or marriage,” “two adults and their children,” “all those people descended from a common ancestor,” “a household,” and so on. Some people think of a family as a mother, a father, and their children; others include grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. For some of us, family means the group of relatives living far away from home. For others, having a family simply means having children. Some families have long histories, while others know very little about their ancestors. No matter if it is young or old, large or small, traditional or modern, every family has a sense of what a family is. It is that feeling of belonging, of love and security that comes from living together, helping and sharing.
There are basically two types of families: nuclear families and extended families. The nuclear family usually consists of two parents (mother and father) and their children. The mother and father form the nucleus, or center, of the nuclear family. The children stay in the nuclear family until they grow up and marry, then form new nuclear families.
The extended family is very large. There are often many nuclear families in one extended family. An extended family includes children, parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins. The members of an extended family are related by blood (grandparent, parents, children, brothers, sisters, etc.) or by marriage (husbands, wives, mothers-in-law, etc). They are all related, so the members of an extended family are called relatives.
Traditionally, all the members of an extended family lived in the same area. However, with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society, many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work. In industrial societies today, the members of most nuclear families live together, but most extended families do not live together. Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes.
In post-industrial societies like the United States, even the nuclear family is changing. The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children, and the number of childless families is increasing. Traditionally, the father of a nuclear family earned money for the family while the mother cared for the house and the children. Today more than 50% of the nuclear families in the United States are two-earner families – both the father and the mother earn money for the family – and in a few families the mother earns the money while the father takes care of the house and the children. Many nuclear families are also “splitting up” – more and more parents are getting divorced.
What will be the result of this “splitting” of the nuclear family? Social scientists now talk of two new family forms: the single parent family and the remarried family. Almost 20% of all American families are single parent families, and in 85% of these families the single parent is the mother. Most single parents find it very difficult to take care of a family alone, so they soon marry again and form remarried families. As social scientists study these two new family form, they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.
【課文譯文】
家庭
“家庭”這個(gè)詞對(duì)不同的人有不同的意義。甚至詞典也給出了好幾個(gè)意義：“一群由血緣或婚姻聯(lián)系起來的人”、“兩個(gè)成年人和他們的孩子們”、“從一個(gè)共同祖先延續(xù)下來的所有的人”、“在一座房子里住在一起的所有的人”等等。有些人認(rèn)為家就是母親、父親和他們的孩子們，家中的其他人還包括祖父母、嬸嬸、叔叔和堂兄妹。對(duì)一些人來說，家庭就是在離家很遠(yuǎn)的地方生活的一群親戚，而對(duì)另一些人來說，擁有一個(gè)家只意味著有孩子。有些家庭有很長(zhǎng)的歷史，而另一些家庭對(duì)自己的祖先知之甚少。無論一個(gè)家庭的歷史是長(zhǎng)還是短，規(guī)模是大還是小，是傳統(tǒng)的還是現(xiàn)代的，每個(gè)家庭都知道家是什么。它是一種歸屬感，一種愛和安全的感覺。這些感覺來自于共同生活，互相幫助和同甘共苦。
基本上有兩種家庭類型：核心家庭和大家庭。核心家庭通常由雙親(父親和母親)和他們的孩子組成。父親和母親形成核心家庭的核心或中心。孩子們一直生活在核心家庭里，直到長(zhǎng)大結(jié)婚。然后他們形成新的核心家庭。
大家庭非常大。在一個(gè)大家庭里經(jīng)常有很多核心家庭。一個(gè)大家庭包括孩子、父母、祖父母、叔叔、嬸嬸和堂兄妹。大家庭的成員由血緣(祖父母、父母、孩子、兄弟、姐妹等)或婚姻(丈夫、妻子、婆婆等)聯(lián)系起來。他們之間有聯(lián)系，所以大家庭里的成員叫做親屬。
傳統(tǒng)上，大家庭中的所有成員住在同一個(gè)地方。然而，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)向工業(yè)社會(huì)的轉(zhuǎn)變，很多核心家庭離開家庭聚居地去尋找工作。在今天的工業(yè)社會(huì)里，大多數(shù)核心家庭的成員生活在一起，但是大多數(shù)大家庭的成員不住在一起。所以我們可以說，隨著社會(huì)工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，核心家庭變得比大家庭更為重要。
在像美國(guó)這樣的后工業(yè)化社會(huì)里，甚至核心家庭也在變化。因?yàn)楦改覆幌胍嗟暮⒆�，所以核心家庭變得越來越小，而且無孩子家庭的數(shù)量也在增加。傳統(tǒng)上，核心家庭中的父親掙錢養(yǎng)家，而母親則做家務(wù)，照看孩子。今天，在美國(guó)有超過50%的核心家庭是兩個(gè)人掙錢的家庭——父親和母親都掙錢養(yǎng)家，還有一些家庭母親掙錢養(yǎng)家而父親做家務(wù)，照看孩子。很多核心家庭也正在“分裂”——因?yàn)樵絹碓蕉嗟母改刚陔x婚。
核心家庭的這種“分裂”結(jié)果將是什么?社會(huì)學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在談到兩種新的家庭模式：?jiǎn)斡H家庭和再婚家庭。幾乎20%的美國(guó)家庭是單親家庭，其中85%的單親是母親。大多數(shù)單親發(fā)現(xiàn)獨(dú)自照料一個(gè)家很困難，因此他們很快又結(jié)婚，形成再婚家庭。隨著社會(huì)學(xué)家們對(duì)這兩種新的家庭模式的研究，他們將能夠告訴我們后工業(yè)化時(shí)期有關(guān)核心家庭未來的更多的情況。
把一個(gè)孩子養(yǎng)大需要多少錢？
Our children, of course, are priceless. But they do have a cost: about a quarter-million dollars.
我們的孩子當(dāng)然是無價(jià)之寶。但養(yǎng)育他們確實(shí)是需要成本的：大約25萬美元。
A new government report estimated that a middle-income family with a child born last year will spend about 221,000 raising that child from birth through age 17, according to the Associated Press. (The number rises to some 292,000 when adjusted for inflation.) The figures don't count the cost of college or childbirth.
據(jù)美聯(lián)社報(bào)導(dǎo)，一份新的政府報(bào)告估計(jì)，一個(gè)中等收入家庭將去年出生的孩子撫養(yǎng)到17歲將花費(fèi)大約22.1萬美元。（經(jīng)通脹調(diào)整后的數(shù)字約為29.2萬美元。）這一數(shù)字不包括孩子上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用或生孩子的費(fèi)用。
Annual child-rearing expense estimates ranged between 11,610 and 13,480 per-child in married, middle-class family with two children.
有兩個(gè)孩子的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭每年平均在每個(gè)孩子身上花的錢大約在11,610美元至13,480美元。
The report, by the USDA's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, said that housing was a family's single largest expense, followed by food and the costs of child care and education.
美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部的營(yíng)養(yǎng)政策與宣傳中心發(fā)布的這份報(bào)告說，住房是家庭最大支出，其次是食品和孩子的撫養(yǎng)及教育費(fèi)用。
Money spent on child-related costs increases as a family's income goes up. For instance, those with an income between 57,000 and 99,000 spend about 221,000 and those with higher incomes are expected to spend roughly 367,000 through age 17. Costs of raising a child are highest in the urban northeast and lowest in the urban south and rural areas.
用在孩子身上的開支隨家庭收入增長(zhǎng)而增加。舉例來說，收入在5.7萬美元至9.9萬美元之間的家庭將孩子養(yǎng)到17歲大概要花22.1萬美元，而收入更高的家庭大約花費(fèi)36.7萬美元左右。東北部城市養(yǎng)育孩子的花費(fèi)最高，南部城市和農(nóng)村地區(qū)則最低。
We've written before about the decision to add to the family in tough economic times. How much thought did you give to the cost of raising children in your decision to have a family or to have additional children? What are your biggest costs in raising your children?
此前我們討論過經(jīng)濟(jì)困難時(shí)期家庭所需要做的決定。在決定要孩子或是多生孩子時(shí)，你有沒有考慮過養(yǎng)育孩子的成本？你撫養(yǎng)孩子最大的開支是什么？
什么樣的父母生氣時(shí)會(huì)打孩子
Fathers who were spanked as children are less likely to spank their own children than mothers who were spanked while young, according to a US study.
美國(guó)一項(xiàng)最新研究表明，小時(shí)候挨過打的爸爸更舍不得打自己的孩子，而有此遭遇的媽媽打孩子可能性更大。
Researchers from Ohio State University set out to see if 1990s parents followed the practices of their own mothers but found parents today were showing a lot more affection to their children, reading to them more and spanking them less.
俄亥俄州立大學(xué)的研究人員對(duì)上世紀(jì)90年代的家長(zhǎng)是否會(huì)效仿他們自己的媽媽展開了調(diào)查，但結(jié)果表明，如今父母?jìng)儗?duì)孩子更加疼愛，更愛給他們讀故事，也更少打他們。
"We were surprised that mothers seem to learn a lot about the parenting role from their own mothers, but fathers don't follow their mothers as much," said researcher Jonathan Vespa in a statement.
研究人員喬納森·韋斯帕在聲明中稱：“看起來媽媽從自己的母親那里學(xué)到了很多育兒經(jīng)，而爸爸卻不跟自己的母親學(xué)那么多，我們對(duì)此很驚訝�！�
The study of 1,133 young adult parents found significant generational changes in parenting practices.
這項(xiàng)研究共對(duì)1133位年輕的父母進(jìn)行了調(diào)查，結(jié)果表明一代一代的育兒方式有很大差別。
Overall, there was a large generational shift in which the second generation of parents was much less likely to spank than their own parents.
總體上看，與自己的父母相比，第二代父母更不愛打孩子，兩代人在此問題上的觀念有很大轉(zhuǎn)變。
Second generation mothers who were spanked at least once a week were found to be nearly half as more likely to spank their own children compared to mothers who weren't spanked.
調(diào)查結(jié)果還表明，與沒挨過打的母親相比，小時(shí)候至少每周被打一次的第二代母親打孩子的幾率要多一半。
Fathers spanked as children were less likely to spank their own children.
但小時(shí)候挨過打的父親卻更不會(huì)打孩子。
The study found only 28 percent of the second generation of fathers reported spanking their children compared to 43 percent of mothers.
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，僅有28%的第二代父親打過孩子，而在母親中該比例為43%。
"A little spanking of boys seems to deter (fathers) from spanking their own children later in life," said Vespa.
韋斯帕說：“挨過幾次打的男孩長(zhǎng)大后更不會(huì)打自己的孩子�！�
"The evidence suggests that mothers are more the disciplinarians in the family than fathers are today."
“數(shù)據(jù)表明，在當(dāng)今家庭中，教訓(xùn)孩子更多的是母親而不是父親�！�
In general, the amount of affection that parents show their children has increased significantly over the generations.
總體來看，如今的父母對(duì)孩子的疼愛比前幾代人超出很多。
Sixty percent of fathers and 73 percent of mothers in the second generation reported showing their children physical affection and praising them within the last week compared to only 40 percent of their parents openly showing affection weekly.
在第二代父母中，有60%的父親和73%的母親在一周之內(nèi)愛撫并稱贊過孩子，而第一代父母中僅有40%每周公開向孩子表達(dá)愛意。
Reading to children had also increased markedly. Nearly three times more mothers in the second generation reported reading to their children daily compared to their own parents.
給孩子讀故事的比例也有大幅提高。與第一代父母相比，第二代母親每天給孩子讀故事的比例要多近3倍。
生女比生男更幸福
Sisters spread happiness while brothers breed distress, experts believe.
專家相信，姐妹為家庭播灑快樂，而兄弟讓家庭陷入憂愁。
Researchers quizzed 571 people aged 17 to 25 about their lives and found those who grew up with sisters were more likely to be happy and balanced.
研究人員在對(duì)571名年齡在17至25歲的青年人進(jìn)行調(diào)查后發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些在成長(zhǎng)過程中有姐妹相伴的人長(zhǎng)大后更快樂、心理也更平衡。
The University of Ulster said having daughters made a family more open and willing to discuss feelings.
阿爾斯特大學(xué)的研究人員說，家中有女兒有助于家庭成員之間敞開心扉、增進(jìn)交流。
They said the influence of girls was particularly important after distressing family events such as marital break-ups.
女孩對(duì)家庭有著巨大的影響力，這種影響力在家庭遭遇諸如夫妻離異這樣的重大變故后，會(huì)尤為明顯地體現(xiàn)出來。
The findings are due to be presented at the British Psychological Society in Brighton on Thursday.
該項(xiàng)研究成果將于周四在英國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)在布萊頓召開的會(huì)議上公布。
During the study, participants filled in psychological questionnaires which researchers used to assess a range of issues, including whether they had a positive outlook and any mental health problems.
在研究過程中，研究人員通過問卷調(diào)查的方式，對(duì)受訪者是否心態(tài)樂觀、是否患有精神抑郁疾病作了深入的了解。
Lead researcher Professor Tony Cassidy said: "Sisters appear to encourage more open communication and cohesion in families. "
該項(xiàng)研究的負(fù)責(zé)人托尼?卡西迪教授說：“家里有姐妹更有助于家庭成員加強(qiáng)交流并增進(jìn)凝聚力�！�
"However, brothers seemed to have the alternative effect. "
“相反，兄弟們似乎只能增加家人間的隔膜。”
"Emotional expression is fundamental to good psychological health and having sisters promotes this in families."
“情感的表達(dá)對(duì)于個(gè)人心理健康有著重大作用，家有姐妹能夠進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化這種家庭紐帶�！�
He said many of the participants had been brought up in families where parents had split and the impact of sisters was even more marked in these circumstances.
他說，很多參加調(diào)查的人都來自單親家庭，姐妹關(guān)系對(duì)這些人起到了非常顯著的積極影響。
"I think these findings could be used by people offering support to families and children during distressing times. "
“我想，這項(xiàng)研究成果對(duì)于幫助家庭和孩子渡過情感危機(jī)，將起到一定的指導(dǎo)作用�！�
"We may have to think carefully about the way we deal with families with lots of boys."
“我們也應(yīng)該重視那些只有男孩兒的家庭的情感溝通方式�！�
Geri Burnikell, co-ordinator of the charity Support Line, which offers counselling to young people and families, said: "This is very interesting and certainly chimes with our experiences."
向年輕人和家庭提供咨詢服務(wù)的慈善組織支持熱線的負(fù)責(zé)人蓋里? 波尼科爾表示，這項(xiàng)研究的成果非常有趣，它與我們?cè)诠ぷ髦械陌l(fā)現(xiàn)相吻合。
"Boys tend to internalise problems and in families where there are lots of sons, I can see that can cause problems.
“男孩子容易將事情個(gè)人化，我覺得家里要是男孩子多，自然容易出現(xiàn)溝通方面的問題�！�
"I think the most important thing in these circumstances is to give people someone independent to talk to outside the immediate family unit."
“我想消除這種溝通障礙的最佳辦法，就是找一個(gè)局外人就事論事地解決矛盾�！�
“家庭婦男”怎么說？
“家庭婦男”怎么說？
(2008-10-06 14:30:41)
你知道丈夫的含義嗎？——丈夫、丈夫，一丈之內(nèi)乃夫也！你知道英文husband是怎么來的嗎？——husband=house+band 房屋栓牢�。╞and的含義就是Something that constrains or binds morally or legally約束：在道義上或法律上受到限制或約束的事物。比如說the bands of marriage and family婚姻和家庭的約束）這當(dāng)然有玩笑的成分，不過也表明了丈夫和家庭的密切聯(lián)系。我們都知道housewife是“家庭婦女”的意思，那么，你知道“家庭婦男”用英語該怎么說嗎？
“家庭婦男”的說法很簡(jiǎn)單，就是由house房子和husband丈夫組成的，即house-husband。說“家庭婦男”多多少少都帶點(diǎn)貶低色彩，而 “全職爸爸”則是一個(gè)比較中性的說法，指沒有負(fù)擔(dān)家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)責(zé)任的父親，在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，他們生活重心以料理家務(wù)、照顧子女或自我休閑為主。A house-husband is a man who stays at home and doesn't go to work, while his wife goes to work and earns money. Usually a man becomes a house-husband in order to look after children.
Sociologists have found the full-time househusband emerges in three main situations.
Firstly, if the wife is ambitious, well-paid and has good job prospects, while her husband is paid poorly and has no job prospects, it makes economic sense for the female to become the main income earner for the household. 第一：妻子有個(gè)好工作并且掙得比丈夫多。
Secondly, if the wife is tired of household chores and eager to work outside the home, her husband may forfeit his job for her sake.
第二：妻子樂意主外，而丈夫有成人之美。
Thirdly, if the husband can do his work at home, he may take this option as it allows him more time to take care of the family. 第三：丈夫可以在家辦公，從而有條件多花心思在家里。
Housemaker是house-wife和house-husband的統(tǒng)稱。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)在家照看孩子職責(zé)的時(shí)候，我們也可以稱house-wife為stay-at-home mom，稱house-husband為stay-at-home dad。還有一種"domestic engineer"的委婉說法，不過這種說法多少對(duì)居家者有種諷刺挖苦的味道，所以一定要慎用。與之類似的"housekeeper"這個(gè)詞也要小心使用，因?yàn)樗瑯佑糜谕诳嗑蛹艺摺?/p>
有關(guān)house-husband的新聞：
In a traditional Chinese family, women are expected to do the housekeeping and leave the "other business" to men. However, the emergence of the full-time "househusband" is changing traditional family dynamics.
A survey in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen shows that 22 percent, 73 percent, 34 percent and 32 percent of white-collar male workers, aged between 28 and 33, would be prepared to do the housekeeping if the conditions were right.
有關(guān)house-husband的對(duì)話：
A: Will you go back to work after you have the baby?
B: Oh yeah!
A: Who'll look after the baby when you're at work then?
B: My husband--he's going to quit his job and become a house husband. I earn more than him, so it makes sense really. And he loves kids, so he'll enjoy it.
Some families with full-time househusbands prefer others not to know about their arrangement, concerned people would laugh at a husband with "no prospects" or wife who is "too strong", but it's getting more common. 有些男人一開始可能還覺得當(dāng)“全職爸爸”不好意思，不過現(xiàn)在這種情況越來越普遍了。Many of the young men believe a successful man will make a good father. 成功的男人也能做個(gè)成功的父親，你是不是也堅(jiān)信這點(diǎn)呢？
工作家庭雙兼顧 老爸也叫苦
Juggling work and family tough for dads too
With Father's Day fast approaching, many dads admit they are struggling with how to juggle long days at the office and quality time with their family, according to a new survey.
A fifth of the 248 Canadian fathers questioned said time away from home because of work is their biggest concern because they may miss important family events.
"I think it's tough for all working parents ... Trying to juggle is a difficult task," said Patrick Sullivan, president of job site Workopolis.com, which conducted the poll.
Fifteen percent were concerned about finding time for chores, while 11 percent worried about being unable to turn off work at home.
Sixteen percent of fathers in families with an income of over $100,000 said they had difficulty letting go of work at the end of the day. Many fathers also said they felt it was difficult getting parental leave.
Despite the struggles, 40 percent of working dads still claim the family-work balance is manageable.
Fathers in Quebec claimed to be the most in control, with more than half of those surveyed citing no challenges. Only three percent said time away from family was an issue. Western dads seemed more in tune with mothers, with nearly a quarter agreeing that finding time for chores was the biggest issue.
About a third of dads took their own fathers' counsel about careers and family to heart and are happy with the outcome, while another 18 percent chose not to listen.
“父親節(jié)”臨近！一項(xiàng)最新調(diào)查顯示，很多爸爸坦稱自己一直在努力尋求工作與家庭生活之間的平衡。
在加拿大的248名受訪爸爸中，有五分之一的人稱，由于工作原因而無法待在家里是他們最擔(dān)心的問題，因?yàn)樗麄兛赡軙?huì)因此錯(cuò)過重要的家庭活動(dòng)。
開展該調(diào)查的Workopolis.com求職網(wǎng)站的總裁帕特里克?薩利文說：“我覺得這對(duì)于所有職業(yè)父母來說都很難……兼顧工作和家庭的確不容易�！�
15%的人最關(guān)心如何擠時(shí)間做家務(wù)的問題，11%的人擔(dān)心下班后也無法擺脫工作的困擾。
在家庭年收入超過10萬美元的受訪爸爸中，16%的人稱他們下班后也很難擺脫工作的煩擾。此外，很多爸爸稱他們很難休到育兒假。
盡管如此，仍有40%的職業(yè)爸爸稱自己可以處理得好工作和家庭的關(guān)系。
調(diào)查顯示，魁北克省的爸爸們把這一關(guān)系處理得最好，超過一半的人稱這對(duì)于他們來說沒有任何挑戰(zhàn)。僅3%的人認(rèn)為因?yàn)楣ぷ麝P(guān)系無法待在家是個(gè)問題。加拿大西部的老爸與媽媽們似乎比較相似，近四分之一的人認(rèn)為擠時(shí)間做家務(wù)是他們面臨的最大問題。
約三分之一的爸爸聽取自己父親有關(guān)處理事業(yè)和家庭關(guān)系的建議，而且覺得收效顯著；另有18%的人則不聽取這些意見。
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