閱讀技巧：從語篇功能的角度談?dòng)⒄Z閱讀技巧

　　1.平衡模式與篇章的理解

　　在語篇中，由于主位結(jié)構(gòu)中的概念主位多為無標(biāo)記主位，這就使得語篇中的大多數(shù)小句的信息出發(fā)點(diǎn)可以保持高度的一致性(即主位相同)，就構(gòu)成了主位推進(jìn)模式中的平衡模式。句子的主位常常位于句首，相對(duì)于小句的其他成分而言更可能是已知信息，述位的內(nèi)容就成為信息焦點(diǎn)。一個(gè)語篇若所有主位相同，小句與小句之間的信息中心透明度較高，語篇的信息走向就突顯出來了。如：

　　Lili began to learn French in her childhood . It was from then on that she became crazy about French . She listened to French programs ; she read French novels ; she took part in all kind of French lectures ; she often talked with people in French ; she(T7)thought in French; She even dreamed good dreams in French . In fact , she was oblivious of everything except French 。

　　Which of the following study methods applied by Lili are NOT mentioned here?

　　A. Reading B. Listening C. Speaking D. Writing

　　本短話的第三小句至結(jié)尾句都遵循了主位推進(jìn)程序中的平衡模式，即各小句的主位相同，述位不同。語篇信息以主位為中心使述位呈放射狀展開，即本段話的信息中心為“Lilibecame crazy about French”，第一小句的主位是Lili，以后各小句均以代詞she來回指上文的Lili，成為已知信息。而每句的述位從不同方面說明Lili如何對(duì)法語感到癡迷狂熱的，也就成為信息的焦點(diǎn)，構(gòu)成新的信息內(nèi)容。第三句和第五句述位談到了listening，第四句述位涉及了reading，第六句述位講到了talking and speaking，除此，文中還提到了thinking and dreaming，唯獨(dú)沒有談到寫作方面。所以，正確答案為D。

　　2.幾種模式并存與篇章的理解

　　上面提及的主位推進(jìn)模式一目了然，語篇的中心就在主位推進(jìn)過程中逐步細(xì)化，新信息在已知信息的基礎(chǔ)上層層地展現(xiàn)給讀者，使得信息中心突顯出來。然而，此類主位推進(jìn)模式，多為單一的主位或述位同一型，所以語篇讀起來比較單調(diào)乏味、缺乏生氣。一般的語篇常會(huì)涉及比較復(fù)雜的主位推進(jìn)模式，甚至同時(shí)幾種模式并存，來展開信息的焦點(diǎn)。通常人們?cè)谡務(wù)撘粋�(gè)話題的時(shí)候會(huì)從不同的角度出發(fā)，信息展現(xiàn)的過程就不那么的平鋪直敘，就主位推進(jìn)而言可能會(huì)涉及多種主位推進(jìn)程序。如：

　　例1： [1] Now let’s have a look at the general condition of Chinese people’s life. [2] At present, Chinese people’s living condition is quite low. [3] Compared with the large population, China doesn’t have sufficient materials and products. [4] So living abroad can provide Chinese people with sufficient supplies. [5] In addition, immigrating to other countries can relieve China’s heavy burden of large population. [6] Different from life in China, living abroad or immigrating means beginning a completely new life.

　　What is the main idea of this passage?

　　A.The general condition of Chinese people’s life.

　　B.Chinese people’s living condition is quite low.

　　C.The strong points of living abroad or immigrating.

　　D.Living abroad or immigrating means beginning a completely new life.

　　本段運(yùn)用了兩種主位推進(jìn)模式：延續(xù)型和主位同一型，即第二句和第三句的主位呈主位同一型，都是由第一句的述位延續(xù)而來的。后三句的主位基本上呈主位同一型。只要通讀其主位，就可清楚了解作者的思路及行文的發(fā)展方向，語篇所要傳遞的信息焦點(diǎn)也就顯而易見了。本段話論證了在國外生活的可取之處：生活富足，同時(shí)還可以為國家減輕人口過多的壓力。 所以正確答案應(yīng)為C。

　　例2：[1] Aging is not a uniform process. [2] In fact, within individual human body different parts wear out at different rates. [3] There are great differences among people in their rate of aging. [4] Even the cells of the body differ in the way they age. [5] The majority of cells are capable of reproducing themselves many times during the course of a lifetime. [6] However, never cells and muscle fibers can never be replaced once they wear out.

　　What is the main idea of this passage?

　　A.Different parts of the human body wear out at different rates.

　　B.The cells of the body differ in the way they age.

　　C.Not all the people age in the same way and at the same time.

　　D.Never cells and muscle fibers age in the same way.

　　這段話簡述了人們衰老的不同進(jìn)程, 強(qiáng)調(diào)不同的人會(huì)在不同的年齡階段衰老，正如人體內(nèi)部細(xì)胞的衰老進(jìn)程也是各不相同的。第一句的主位為概念主位，是已知信息。由這個(gè)已知信息引出的信息中心 not a uniform process構(gòu)成述位，這個(gè)信息中心成為第二句的主位，第二句的述位部分又對(duì)其進(jìn)一步地說明，使得信息焦點(diǎn)逐步具體化、明確化。所以，第二句的主位是延續(xù)第一句的述位而來，呈延續(xù)型的主位推進(jìn)程序。而第三句的述位與第四句的述位呈同一型的模式。所以在第四句話中，作者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，把舊信息放在述位而新信息則出現(xiàn)在主位上，即由主位引出新的話題，以人體內(nèi)部的細(xì)胞衰老的不同進(jìn)程來說明不同人的衰老進(jìn)程也是如此不同的。這是一種以主位為信息中心的集中型的推進(jìn)模式，它違反了常規(guī)，即違背了將新信息焦點(diǎn)置于小句末尾的“信息焦點(diǎn)尾重的原則”，而是將新信息突顯在前，達(dá)到信息焦點(diǎn)的對(duì)比語用功能，使語篇節(jié)奏感更加強(qiáng)烈了。后面第五句和第六句的主位則是重復(fù)第四句的主位，所以此語篇的后三句話是以主位同一型的模式推進(jìn)的。整個(gè)語篇的信息焦點(diǎn)在不同的主位推進(jìn)模式、新舊信息交織的過程中逐步由籠統(tǒng)到具體地呈現(xiàn)于讀者的眼簾，使讀者對(duì)所述的話題、所要傳遞的信息有一個(gè)較清晰、明了的概念。很顯然作者要傳遞的信息焦點(diǎn)是“Different people age differently, just like the cells age at different rates”，正確答案為C。