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如何抓住英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀的主題思想
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀部分經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)詢問(wèn)文章主旨的題目，讓很多考生難以選擇。所謂主旨，即文章主題思想(the Main Idea)。也稱作中心思想，是作者在文章中要表達(dá)的核心內(nèi)容，也是作者自始自終要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題。能否抓住一篇文章的主題思想，體現(xiàn)了讀者總結(jié)、概括和歸納事物的能力。把握了主題思想也有助于對(duì)文中。因此，可以說(shuō)，找出主題思想是一項(xiàng)最重要的閱讀技能。接下來(lái)由小編為大家整理了如何抓住英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀的主題思想技巧，歡迎大家閱讀!
一、抓主題思想。
我們首先要學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別文章中那些最根本、最具有概括力的信息。這種信息應(yīng)能歸納和概括文中其它信息所具有的共性。
例如：
Directions: Choose the most general word.
(A) chemist (B) physicist
(C) scientist (D) biologist
該問(wèn)題要求找出最有概括性的詞。(C) scientist 符合題意，因?yàn)樗薱hemist, physicist和biologist，而(A)，(B)和(D)都指某一具體學(xué)科的科學(xué)家，不能概括其它的詞。因此，scientist最有概括性。
例二：
Directions: Choose the most general sentence.
(A) The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily.
(B) There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorictta Bay Inn.
(C) The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.
(D) There are a number of extra services at the Glorictta Bay Inn including babysitting.
(A)， (C)，(D)都是從不同的側(cè)面說(shuō)明旅館的服務(wù)情況，相互間并無(wú)聯(lián)系。而(B)卻概括了(A)，(C)和(D)的共性的東西，即：為什么旅客住在這家旅館 里有賓至如歸的感覺(jué)。因此，(B)符合題意。倘若在一段文章中包含了以上(A)，(B)，(C)，(D)幾條信息，那末，(B)就是該段中心思想。由于同 樣的道理，如果在一篇文章中，作者分段敘述幾方面的內(nèi)容，那末，這些段落所圍繞和要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題就是該文的中心思想。
例三：
Directions: Choose the main idea of an article. (Following are the topic sentences of an article.)
1) A mounting body of evidence suggests that fighting violence with violence rarely deters a crime in progress and greatly increases the chances of changing a robbery into a violent attack on the victim.
2) One report shows that at least 100 thousand handguns are stolen from private owners each year, the vast majority during burglaries...
3) Moreover. a study of robberies in eight American cities states that in less than 4 percent of the crimes did the victim have the opportunity to use a weapon....
Which of the following best reflects the main idea of the article?
(A) What Happens to the Victim of Crime?
(B) Is Your Family Safe?
(C) Should You Arm Yourself Against Crime?
第一段和第三段提到了victims(受害者)，第二段中提到了入室行竊，但是這三段說(shuō)明的共同問(wèn)題是人們是否應(yīng)擁有自己的武器來(lái)反對(duì)犯罪行為。因此只有選擇(C)才能概括這三段所共同說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，也就是此文的中心思想。
二、主題思想應(yīng)能恰如其分地概括文中所闡述的內(nèi)容。
面不能太窄，即：不足以概括全部?jī)?nèi)容;但是面也不能太寬，即：包含了文中沒(méi)有闡述的內(nèi)容。
例四：
Directions: Read the following passage and choose the best central thought
Sugar history in the Hawaiian Islands is filled with pioneering. In sailing ship days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months from sources of supplies and from markets. This isolation built up among the Hawaiian growers an enduring spirit of cooperation. Growers shared with one another improvements in production. Without government aid of any sort, they built great irrigation projects. Without government help, they set up their own research and experiment organization. Pioneering together over the years, they have provided Hawaii with its largest industry.
(A) In sailing days, Hawaiian sugar growers were many months away from supplies and markets.
(B) Hawaiian sugar growers built their great industry without government help.
(C) Hawaiian sugar growers have set up their own research organization and have shared improvements.
(D) By pioneering together, sugar growers have provided Hawaii with its largest industry.
(A)，(B)和(C)項(xiàng)只是文中提到的各項(xiàng)具體內(nèi)容，作為主題思想面太窄了，只有(D)項(xiàng)才概括了全文要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，因此，(D)是該文的主題思想。
要求抓主題思想的另一種形式是為短文選擇合適的標(biāo)題，因?yàn)槎涛牡臉?biāo)題常常也體現(xiàn)它所圍繞的主題或討論的中心。因此，為短文選擇標(biāo)題實(shí)際上也反映了對(duì)主題思想的掌握。
例五：
Directions: Read the following and choose the title that best expresses the ideas of the passage.
There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then the price rises. Of course, manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.
(A) Economic Principles
(B) Law of Supply and Demand
(C) More Goods, Lower Prices
(D) Fewer Goods, Higher Prices
該問(wèn)題中，(A)泛指經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律，面過(guò)寬;(C)和(D)只是供需規(guī)則的二個(gè)單獨(dú)的方面不能包含全部，面太窄。正確的答案是(B)，因?yàn)檫@正是該短文自始至終談?wù)摰闹黝}。
例六：
Directions: Read the following passage and select the most appropriate title:
According to legend, the gods of the ancient Greeks lived in the clouds on the top of Mount Olympus. Zeus, the father of the gods, carried a bolt of lightning in his hand and ruled like an earthly king. Apollo was the sun god and his beams were golden arrows; he shielded the flocks of sheep and the fields of grain. Athena was the warrior goddess, standing in shining armor ready to protect the Greek cities. There were other gods as well, all with familiar human characteristics, but these were the leading gods.
(A) The Gods of the Ancient Greeks
(B) The Legend of the Sky God Zeus
(C) Beliefs of the Ancient Greeks
(D) Religions of the Past
該問(wèn)題中，(B)項(xiàng)只是文中提到的一項(xiàng)具體內(nèi)容，作為主題思想面太窄了。(C)和(D)項(xiàng)泛指，面太寬。只有(A)項(xiàng)才概括了全文要說(shuō)明的問(wèn)題，是全文的主題。
三、一段文章的中心思想常常由主題句(Topic Sentence)表達(dá)。
主題句常常位于段首或段尾處，間或出現(xiàn)在段落中間。同樣，一篇文章的中心思想也常常在開(kāi)始段或結(jié)尾段點(diǎn)出。因此在閱讀中，我們要特別注意文章的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾。
例七：
English is clearly an international language. It is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world. Over 70 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English
本段主題句為首句，其后的內(nèi)容均說(shuō)明首句。
例八：
Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time
本段中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)，它是此段內(nèi)容的結(jié)論。
例九：
For adults a cold is not that serious. However, this is not the case for children. Cold symptoms in children may be signs of more serious diseases and should be given prompt medical attention.
本段主題句為第二句，因?yàn)樵趆owever后面才是作者真正的看法，并在本文中進(jìn)一步作了說(shuō)明。
然而，我們也常常發(fā)現(xiàn)，有的主題思想并非直接由一、二個(gè)句子表述，而是在文中間接暗示著。這就需要讀者根據(jù)文中細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行概括與歸納，找出主題思想。
例十：
Its no wonder that we have so many rejections for physical reasons in our Selective Service. Since October of 1948, some six million young men have been examined for military duty. Of these, more than a million were rejected as physically unfit for military service. To get two men today, the United States Army must call seven men. Of the five rejected three are turned down for physical reasons and two for mental problems. To get the 196 thousand additional men we needed for Berlin, the government had to call up 750 thousand men. And the rejection rate is increasing each year. The reason for this problem is that we are under exercised as a nation. We look, instead of play. We ride, instead of walk. The way we live prevents us from being healthy.
本段中找不到某一句作為主 題。根據(jù)文中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行歸納，可找出主題思想，即：“The militarys rejection rate for physical reason is increasing because this nations lack of exercise is leading to poor health.”
在確定一篇文章的中心思想時(shí)，我們通常用快讀的方法，從頭至尾將全文瀏覽一遍，注意不要被個(gè)別詞、句難住而停下來(lái)。要從上下文的連貫意思上來(lái)理解進(jìn)行闡述的、有關(guān)這個(gè)主題我們了解了什么。這樣，就可以比較有把握地概括出中心思想了。
在閱讀理解測(cè)試中，常常用于檢查對(duì)主題思想的掌握的問(wèn)題有：
1. The main (central, principal) idea of this passage is __________________ .
2. The main idea of this selection may be best expressed as __________________.
3. The main theme (topic) of the passage is __________________ .
4. The passage is mainly about __________________ .
5. This passage deals mainly (primarily) with __________________ .
6. The authors purpose in writing this passage is __________________ .
7. The main purpose of the passage is __________________ .
8. The best (most appropriate) title of (for) this passage is __________________ .
9. What would be the most appropriate title for this passage?
10. What is the subject of this passage?
11. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?
12. Which of the following best sums up the main idea of the whole passage?
如何抓住英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀的主題思想
1. 表明事件發(fā)生的時(shí)間順序：根據(jù)這些詞理清事物的發(fā)展順序
then, first, at once, next, after that, previously(先前), while, when, the following day, etc.
2. 表明文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)：
1) 羅列(Listing): firstly, in the first place, secondly, thirdly, last/finally, etc.
2) 闡述，舉例(Illustrating): for example/ for instance, to illustrate, an example/ instance of this is, let’s take….., take…. for example, etc.
3) 重申，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明(Re-stating): in other words, that is to say, to put it another way, let me put it this way, or rather, namely, etc.
4) 談及，提及(Referring): in this respect, in that connection, as we said, apart from this, etc.
5) 返回之前話題(resuming): to resume, to return to the previous point, getting back to the argument, etc.
6) 總結(jié)(Summarizing):文章主旨觀點(diǎn)句一般都出現(xiàn)在以下詞之后
to sum up, in short, it amounts to this, what I have been saying is this, etc.
7) 強(qiáng)調(diào)(Emphasizing): it is worth noting, I would like to direct your attention to, let us consider, we must now turn to, I shall begin by, etc.
3. 表明作者的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度
1) 進(jìn)一步論證觀點(diǎn)(Introducing further evidence): moreover, furthermore, in addition, what’s more, as well, etc.
2) 引入原因(Cause): because (of), since, owing to, on account of, due to, as a result of, etc.
3) 表示結(jié)果(Effect): as a result, hence, therefore, consequently, thus, so, etc.
4) 表示轉(zhuǎn)折(Contrasting): in / by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, whereas, while, yet, however, but, etc.
5) 表示對(duì)比(Comparison): in like manner, likewise, in the same way, similarly, in comparison with, etc.
6) 表示目的(Purpose): to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, in order to, so that, etc.
7) 二次解釋(Intensification): indeed, in fact, in any event / case, at no time, to tell the truth, etc
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀選詞填空五大技巧
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀選詞填空五大技巧
一、利用語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)
在閱讀文章前，考生應(yīng)該首先根據(jù)詞性將各選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行歸類，如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞各包括哪幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)。然后，考生要根據(jù)空格所在句子的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)及上下文時(shí)態(tài)推測(cè)所填詞可能的詞性和形式，將選擇范圍限定在某一個(gè)或兩個(gè)詞性內(nèi)。
四級(jí)閱讀選詞填空五大技巧
二、利用邏輯關(guān)系
解答選詞填空，不能只考慮句子意思上的通順，還要考慮上下文邏輯上的通順，因此，把握上下文的因果、條件、轉(zhuǎn)折、并列等邏輯關(guān)系，將有助于考生理解上下文的意思，從而推測(cè)出所填可能的含義。
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀選詞填空五大技巧
三、利用復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系
復(fù)現(xiàn)包括近義復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義復(fù)現(xiàn)、上義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、下義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)以及同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，在行文過(guò)程中，這種復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，某一個(gè)空格所對(duì)應(yīng)的答案很可能在上下文中存在與其對(duì)應(yīng)的指代詞、同義詞、近義詞、上義詞、下義詞，甚至是原詞�？忌诮忸}時(shí)，要注意根據(jù)語(yǔ)境找到這些詞語(yǔ)之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系。
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀選詞填空五大技巧
四、利用共現(xiàn)關(guān)系
共現(xiàn)主要是指語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)共現(xiàn)，即相互關(guān)聯(lián)的一些詞語(yǔ)共同描述同一個(gè)話題場(chǎng)景。一篇文章中，每一個(gè)空格都不是孤立的，它很可能與上下文中的一些詞匯屬于同一個(gè)語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)，即描述同一個(gè)話題。
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀選詞填空五大技巧
五、利用搭配關(guān)系
利用空格處與前后詞語(yǔ)的搭配關(guān)系往往可以排除一些明顯不符合搭配關(guān)系的選項(xiàng)， 縮小選擇范圍，提高答案的準(zhǔn)確率。 考慮詞語(yǔ)的搭配關(guān)系，不僅要考慮結(jié)構(gòu)上的習(xí)慣搭配，還要考慮語(yǔ)義上的搭配關(guān)系。
總之，選擇填空的核心在于通過(guò)各種線索確定詞性和意義，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)成功匹配。
可以先通過(guò)詞的后綴等對(duì)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行合理的分類，分不出的可先模糊處理。 再通過(guò)文章逐一確定空格所需要的詞性和意義。它需要看句子中此詞所處的位置，它的周邊環(huán)境。有時(shí)甚至需要跳出此句，看前文或后文。如指代詞/句間連詞要向前尋找;而段首的抽象表達(dá)可能要從下文找到鑰匙。
英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試閱讀理解做題方法：兩步走
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試(CET-4)的第二部分，也就是作文之后的快速閱讀，往往是各位考生普遍比較頭痛的部分�？焖匍喿x的難度最主要表現(xiàn)在文章的篇幅巨大，字?jǐn)?shù)太多，時(shí)間又太短，很難做完�？焖匍喿x的篇幅字?jǐn)?shù)在以往考試中始終保持在1060--1070詞左右，本篇例文的字?jǐn)?shù)是1061詞，但如果再加上題干與選項(xiàng)就達(dá)到了1452詞，快速閱讀在考試中的時(shí)間限制是15分鐘，其中還有1分鐘用來(lái)填寫機(jī)讀卡，所以真正的時(shí)間只有14分鐘，完成一篇1452詞的文章的閱讀并準(zhǔn)確做出10道題，對(duì)于考生的壓力可想而知。對(duì)于快速閱讀的解答，考生需要從兩個(gè)途徑共同提升，一是正確的解題方法與技巧，二是懂得取舍的心態(tài)。
● 正確的解題方法與技巧
快速閱讀本質(zhì)上考察的是考生的“文字材料處理”與“信息查找比對(duì)”的能力。因此，不需要考生對(duì)文章中所有信息事無(wú)巨細(xì)的完整把握，而是根據(jù)題干中的問(wèn)題回到文章中進(jìn)行查找比對(duì)，正確答案也往往是對(duì)文章信息的直接照抄或輕微改寫�？疾斓闹攸c(diǎn)是放在查找比對(duì)上，而不是深入理解，這也正是應(yīng)和了快速閱讀的題型要求skimming and scanning(略讀與尋讀)。
建議考生可以按照“三步走”的思路來(lái)進(jìn)行解題：
1. 瀏覽大標(biāo)題和小標(biāo)題(了解文章主題結(jié)構(gòu))
2. 精讀文章的開(kāi)頭(準(zhǔn)確把握文章的主題)
3. 看一題做一題，關(guān)鍵詞定位配合順序原則
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