英語四級語法講義:現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法
英語四級語法講義:現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法
現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”，過去分詞表示“被動(dòng)和完成”(不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。
1)分詞作狀語分詞在句子中作狀語，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。分詞做狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。作狀語的分詞相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。
【例如】
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed, visibly disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
分詞在句子中作狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子主語的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過去分詞。
【例如】
Notshavingsenough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .Inspired by the International, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (CET-4 1996,6)
A)shavingsbelieved B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed
本句意思為：相信地球是平的，許多人擔(dān)心哥倫布會(huì)從邊上掉下去。許多人與相信之間是主謂關(guān)系，及分詞與主語之間為主謂關(guān)系。因此，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，答案為B.
No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. (CET-4 1995,6)
A) performing B) performed C) to be performed D) being performed
本句中貝多芬的作品被反復(fù)表演，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分詞，故答案為B.
____as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (CET-4 1996,1)
A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published
本句中as引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句，意思為：他的作品盡管在被這樣的時(shí)候出版，還是引起了關(guān)注，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用過去分詞，故答案為B.
2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等連詞)＋分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，有時(shí)可以在分詞前加while，when, once, although, until, if等連詞。
【例如】
When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work..
Once recovered, he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
3)分詞作定語分詞作定語時(shí)，單個(gè)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面。現(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動(dòng)作的'名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系)，過去分詞修飾承受該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。
【例如】
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us!
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack..
As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. (CET-4 1998,1)
A)shavingsB) to have C) to have had D)shavingshad Town
后面由分詞做定語，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town與分詞間為主謂關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞，答案為A。
4)分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語現(xiàn)在分詞在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官動(dòng)詞和look at, listen to等短語動(dòng)詞以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役動(dòng)詞后面與名詞或代詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，作賓語補(bǔ)語的成分。
【例如】
On the top of the hill, we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him dozing off in class.
過去分詞可以在allow, ask, consider, desire, expect, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, like, make, observe, order, permit, prefer, remember, request, require, see, urge動(dòng)詞等后面作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
【例如】
After my encounter with her, I found myself greatly shaken.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.
在動(dòng)詞see, hear, feel, watch, notice，perceive，observe, listen to, look at后既可用現(xiàn)在分詞做補(bǔ)語,也可用不定式做補(bǔ)語。用現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,用不定式表示的動(dòng)作的全過程已經(jīng)完成。
【例如】
I saw Mr. White get off a bus.
I saw Mr. White lookingsintosa shop window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at the door?
——Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.
5)分詞作表語分詞作表語通�？醋餍稳菰~來用�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語的性質(zhì)，而且主語多為物；過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態(tài)，主語多為人。
【例如】
The film“Pearl Harbor”is really exciting. I am excited about it.
His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.
英語四級語法講義:“懸垂分詞”問題
前節(jié)說過，分詞(短語)有意義上的邏輯主語，它或是句子的主語，或者另有自己的主語，不然稱這種分詞為“懸垂分詞”，這樣的句子一般認(rèn)為是不能接受或錯(cuò)誤的。
【例如】
※Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(這句話聽起來好象是那些山從窗戶往外看。)
※Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(這句話聽起來好象是信件被贊揚(yáng)。)
※Sitting under an apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.
(這句話聽上去好象是某種思想坐在樹下。)關(guān)于“懸垂分詞”這條語法規(guī)則也有例外情況。下面幾種情況中的分詞(短語)，不再認(rèn)為它們是“懸垂分詞”，即句子是正確的。1)有些分詞(短語)可用來表示說話人的態(tài)度，看問題的角度，或者對所敘述的情況進(jìn)行解釋，它們便成了句子的獨(dú)立成分，其邏輯主語也就不再是句子的主語。
【例如】
Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.嚴(yán)格地講，誰也不允許在這兒。(speaking的邏輯主語并不是nobody)Judging from his accent, he must be from the South.從他的口音判斷，他一定是南方人。(這句中不是he在“判斷”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.總的來說，這本書沒有問題。Taking all thingssintosconsideration, his work is a successful one.全面考慮起來，他的工作還是很成功的。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞(分詞詞組)有：frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly…) speaking, judging from(by)…,talking about…,speaking of…,looking at…,taking…into consideration, put frankly, taken…等。
2)這樣使用的有些分詞，在句子中逐漸起到連詞或介詞的作用，便把它們視為連詞或介詞。
【例如】
Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行為也會(huì)引起極大不快。There were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十個(gè)人，包括我在內(nèi)。Provided that my expenses are paid, I will go.要是我的費(fèi)用有人代付，我就去。經(jīng)常這樣使用的分詞有：admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。
3)某些句子中作狀語的分詞的邏輯主語雖然不是句子的主語，但可能是句中的另外某一成分，對這樣的句子也不再認(rèn)為是“懸垂分詞”。
【例如】
Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the father's heart.
她父親看到她健康迅速惡化，很是驚慌。
(分詞seeing的邏輯主語當(dāng)然不是alarm，但它包含在賓語heart的定語father's之中。)His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在鄉(xiāng)下過暑假，幫助父親干農(nóng)活。(分詞helping的邏輯主語包含在主語holidays的定語his之中)以上句子之所以能被接受，是因?yàn)樗鼈兡芮宄磉_(dá)意思，不會(huì)引起誤解，如第一句中alarm是抽象名詞，不會(huì)誤解為seeing的邏輯主語；第二句中主語holidays是無生命的名詞，不可能誤解為helping的邏輯主語。
4)如果句子謂語是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，分詞的邏輯主語可以包含在by后面的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者之中(有時(shí)這個(gè)執(zhí)行者并未明確表示出來)。這樣的句子也可以被接受，而非“懸垂分詞”。
【例如】
Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences.
用簡單的句子可以準(zhǔn)確有力地表達(dá)思想。Knowing as much as you do, the situation is easily explained.像你這樣了解情況，很容易解釋這一形勢。以上兩句中的分詞using和knowing的邏輯主語當(dāng)然不是它們句子的主語ideas和situation，而是沒有明確表達(dá)出來的express和explain兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。
英語四級語法講義:現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中，表示這個(gè)動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之前完成。
【例如】
Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
Having finished his homework, the boy went to play computer game.Notshavingsmade adequate preparations, they thought it better to postpone the excursion till next week.
獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式。
【例如】
His parentsshavingsdied, the orphan is now taken care of by the government.
The guestsshavingsleft, they resumed their discussion.
英語四級語法講義:“get+過去分詞”表被動(dòng)語態(tài)
英語中還有一種“get＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。其中g(shù)et與“be＋過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的be同樣起助動(dòng)詞的作用。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在談?wù)撏蝗话l(fā)生、出乎意料的偶然事件。
【例如】
It is upsetting when a person gets punished for a crime that he didn't commit. The picture got damaged (＝was damaged) when we were moving. If they make such criticisms they will get treated with the contempt they deserve. The old lady got hit by a flower pot falling from a balcony. I got invited to lots of parties last holidays. I don't want to get mixed up with the police again.
“get＋過去分詞"與“be＋過去分詞”表達(dá)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)并不完全相同，“be＋過去分詞”既可表示動(dòng)作，又可表示狀態(tài)，而“get＋過去分詞”則主要表示動(dòng)作
【例如】
The police say the man was shot when they found him, but they don't know when he got shot.
在這個(gè)句子中was shot表示狀態(tài)，而got shot則表示動(dòng)作。再如：另外，“be＋過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)不用于將來進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；而“get＋過去分詞”可以用這些時(shí)態(tài)。
【例如】
You will be getting cursed. My brother has been getting examined.
英語四級語法講義:不能變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
1)某些表示狀態(tài)或者特征的及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)形式。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有：beg，equal，fail，hold，possess，fit，become，contain，cost，fit，have，lack，resemble,(相似)，suit等。
【例如】
This new English-Chinese dictionary cost me ten dollars.
2)某些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：cook, read, shut, smell, taste, wash, write, prove.
【例如】
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth. The theory proved right after a series of experiments.
英語四級語法講義:特殊的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
1)帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋be＋過去分詞。
【例如】
The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter. This instrument must be handled with great care. In this sense, bad things can be turnedsintosgood things.
2)有些動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，在用于被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。
【例如】
The delegation was given a warm send-off at the airport. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparation.
3)當(dāng)“動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，原句中的賓語補(bǔ)語成為主語補(bǔ)語。能用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：declare, call, consider, elect, appoint, nominate, find, leave, like, make, prefer, think, want等。
【例如】
She was nominated a member of the council. Professor Smith was appointed the head of the Philosophy Department.
4)在使役動(dòng)詞have, make, get以及感官動(dòng)詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補(bǔ)語時(shí)，在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要加to.
【例如】
A stranger was seen to walksintosthe building. She was made to clean the floor.
5)某些感官動(dòng)詞加形容詞可以表示被動(dòng)意義。
【例如】
The dish tastes delicious.The apple smells sweet.
6) It＋be＋過去分詞＋that從句，或主語＋be＋過去分詞＋to do sth.
【例如】
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. The boy is said to have passed the national exam. It was reported that 60% students in the university had passed CET-6.60% students in the university were reported to have passed CET-6.
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