托福議論文寫(xiě)作中段落的發(fā)展方式
議論文是托�？荚噷�(xiě)作中�？嫉念}型，考生要掌握正確的方式在中段落部分做好發(fā)展方法。以下是小編為大家整理了托福議論文寫(xiě)作中段落常用的發(fā)展方式，一起來(lái)看看吧!
托福議論文寫(xiě)作中段落的發(fā)展技巧
在應(yīng)試型托福議論文寫(xiě)作中，通常遵循introduction- body-conclusion(引言段-主體段-結(jié)論段)的“三步曲”。Body(主體)段落提供了論證觀點(diǎn)的理由，是整個(gè)文章的主體，在評(píng)分中占有很大的比重。例如一篇滿分的雅思作文(9分)必須“presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas”。這里的“fully extended / well supported”，必須通過(guò)主體段來(lái)體現(xiàn)。
1.Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentence should relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about. If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.
(每個(gè)主體段都必須有一個(gè)明確的主題句)
2.Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for each paragraph tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest of the paragraph should all relate to the topic sentence.
(支持句必須圍繞主題句展開(kāi))
新托福滿分作文(5分)也要求“is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details”，同樣必須通過(guò)主體段落發(fā)展來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，一篇議論文必須包含至少兩個(gè)主體段。每個(gè)主體段都必須有明確的.主題句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。他們共同組成文章的理由段，對(duì)全文的論點(diǎn)提供理由支持。專(zhuān)家建議初學(xué)者在練習(xí)議論文寫(xiě)作時(shí)，必須遵循理由段發(fā)展的幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單原則，這對(duì)迅速完成理由段、構(gòu)建連貫和理由充分的議論文大有幫助。
新托福寫(xiě)作的過(guò)渡與論證
第一，連接詞過(guò)渡句
任何形式的英語(yǔ)文章中都應(yīng)該具備一定量的連接詞，因?yàn)樗鼈兪怯兄谧x者順利閱讀的“導(dǎo)航坐標(biāo)”;大多數(shù)考生在備考時(shí)也的確會(huì)準(zhǔn)備一系列此類(lèi)連接詞，用于文章每個(gè)段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的連接詞。但是單純有段首連接詞還不足以支撐全文的結(jié)構(gòu)，因此考生應(yīng)該同時(shí)準(zhǔn)備段中連接詞，包括“比如說(shuō)，因?yàn)�，但是，相�?duì)比而言”等，粗略估計(jì)，全文完成下來(lái)可以達(dá)到15個(gè)以上的連接詞，不僅承接了全文，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，而且也為時(shí)間緊張下的寫(xiě)作減輕了不少字?jǐn)?shù)壓力。以下為常用連接詞：
1、第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly
2、第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly
3、第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly
4、一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another
5、表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to
6、表結(jié)果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence
7、表舉例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate
8、表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally
9、表轉(zhuǎn)折：but/ while/ however/ nevertheless/ nonetheless
10、表比較對(duì)比: to compare with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast/ on the contrary
當(dāng)然，僅僅依靠連接詞是不足以表明全文的連貫性的，適當(dāng)?shù)奶砑舆^(guò)渡句也是很好的承接手段，讓全文更加流暢舒服，朗朗上口。
第二，內(nèi)在論證統(tǒng)一
官方指南中也明確在寫(xiě)作部分提到“但要知道，僅僅使用第一，第二這樣的連接詞并不能保證作文結(jié)構(gòu)的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，還要注意讓所有的觀點(diǎn)與文章的主題相關(guān)，緊扣中心思想。換句話說(shuō)，作文要有統(tǒng)一性，評(píng)分原則中提到的統(tǒng)一性，漸進(jìn)性和連貫性這些都是評(píng)估作文結(jié)構(gòu)是否嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，讀者能否比較容易地跟上作者思路的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。”通過(guò)上段敘述，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)作文論證統(tǒng)一性的重要性。
而事實(shí)上這也正是被許多考生所忽略的問(wèn)題。在拿到試題后，考生們不是先騰出時(shí)間構(gòu)思結(jié)構(gòu)框架，而是急著抓住哪怕是一分鐘的時(shí)間動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)作，其實(shí)如此的選擇是要不得的，強(qiáng)烈建議各位考生在考試時(shí)不要舍不得這準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)間，因?yàn)橹挥挟?dāng)你事先構(gòu)思好而不是邊想邊寫(xiě)，你才能真正做到論證內(nèi)容的一致性，觀點(diǎn)與論據(jù)的統(tǒng)一性，也才能真正取得高分。另外，用最直白的作答應(yīng)對(duì)題目的提問(wèn)，用單邊的手段安排整篇文章成5段的總分總思路是十分適用的。
新托福寫(xiě)作材料：企業(yè)的目標(biāo)是賺取利潤(rùn)
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Businesses should do anything they can to make a profit. Use specific reasons and examples to support your position.
參考：
任何企業(yè)團(tuán)體作為社會(huì)的組成部分，有責(zé)任考慮到整個(gè)社會(huì)的利益，所以不能為所欲為，強(qiáng)調(diào)法制的必要性。
Nowadays, merchants tend to strive for remaining in existence by all means due to the extensive competition and burdensome pressures. However, I am always amazed when I hear that it is necessary for businessman to do anything possible to make a profit. It may be as highly laudable and exemplary a thing as it is held to be by those who are addicted to money.
Apparently, I strongly object to it due to various factors that weigh heavily against the notion. The foremost reason is that merchants would be rewarded by nothing but distrust and even hatred from the customers if they hardly care about anything but money. It is widely known that nothing can be compared with the good reputation of a company, which attracts more upright and loyal customers. Suppose we are facing the dilemma of which brand of shampoo to purchase. It is of no surprise if you decide to take the one produced by P&G or other reputable large companies. As a result, what assures the buyers most is the credit of the service suppliers?
Another subtle explanation for my point of view rests on the fact that various appalling results would in some cases, be caused by the immoral and even illegal businesses. It is decent to make profits and receive the repayment of diligent work and continuous efforts. Nevertheless, producing unqualified or even deleterious commodities, which possibly lead to detriments of people's health or security, is never the sensible method to operate a company. What impressed me most is the tragedy happened several months ago in some part of China. Hundreds of infants died because of the nonnutritive milk powders produced by some merchantmen without ethics. Therefore, it is never too rigid to denounce the immoral and irresponsible behavior. The third point I would like to mention is that the merchants themselves would not be reassured to enjoy the property acquired in improper ways.
In most cases, it is the essential satisfaction of benefiting the public, rather than the material items, which inspires people profoundly. What a pleasant thing it would be to receive repayment of your diligent work and continuous efforts! On the contrary, few people would go into rapture even if they possess a mass of wealth earned through indecent ways. Thus, only by obeying commercial disciplines could a businessman obtain supreme success and maximum pleasure.
Taking into all the reasons above into account, it is barely too arbitrary to conclude that only by descent and good Intentioned business activities could a company achieve respectable and decent success.
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