中考定語從句的講解

　　1、定語從句的概念：

　　在復(fù)合句中，用來修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞，定語從句必須放在先行詞之后，對(duì)先行詞起修飾限定作用。

　　e.g. He is the man who I want to see.

　　先行詞 關(guān)系詞 定語從句

　　2. 定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞：

　　定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞that, which, who (whom, whose)和關(guān)系副詞where, when, why兩種，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，同時(shí)又在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分。

　　3. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句：

　�、� 如果先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用who (whom, whose) 和that。

　　e.g. This is Xiao Wang who / that gave us a talk yesterday. (who / that在從句中作主語)

　　這就是昨天給我們作報(bào)告的小王。

　　The man whom / that you saw last week has left the town. (whom / that在從句中作賓語)

　　上周你看見的那個(gè)人已離開了城鎮(zhèn)。

　　I know the woman whose husband is a doctor. (whose在從句中作定語)

　　我認(rèn)識(shí)的那個(gè)婦女，她的丈夫是個(gè)醫(yī)生。

　�、� 如果先行詞是表示物的名詞或代詞時(shí)，則用which或that。

　　e.g. Guilin is a city which / that has a history of 2000 years. (which / that在從句子中作主語)

　　桂林是座具有2000年歷史的城市。

　　The mooncakes which / that mother cooked taste nice. (which / that在從句中作賓語)

　　媽媽做的月餅很好吃。

　　4. 關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句應(yīng)該注意的幾個(gè)方面：

　�、� 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)由先行詞決定。

　　e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English well.

　　住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語說得很好。

　　The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.

　　3年級(jí)的學(xué)生明天去爬山。

　�、� 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)，往往可以省略。

　　e.g. Mrs. Smith (whom) you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

　　你昨天碰見的那位史密斯夫人是我的一位朋友。

　　This is the book (which) you are looking for.

　　這是那本你正在找的書。

　　There are some films (that) I’d like to see. 有幾部電影我想去看。

　�、� 口語中作為賓語的關(guān)系代詞whom也可用who，且也可以省略。

　　e.g. The man (whom / who) you were talking about has come to our school.

　　你們剛才在談?wù)摰哪莻�(gè)人已經(jīng)來到我們學(xué)校。

　�、� 關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞可以放在whom, which之前（不可放在that之前）

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　　e.g. The man (whom) I borrowed the book from is Li Lei.

　　→ The man from whom I borrowed the book is Li Lei.

　　我借書的那個(gè)人是李雷。

　　The house (which) he lives in is quite large.

　　→ The house in which he lives is quite large.

　　他住的房子很大。

　　應(yīng)注意，如果介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前，關(guān)系代詞不可省略，另外，若定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是固定搭配的詞組，則其后的介詞或副詞不可前移至關(guān)系代詞之前。

　　e.g. The dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk. 你在尋找的那本詞典在桌子上。

　　The sick man whom she is taking care of is her farther. 她在照顧的病人是她父親。

　　5. 關(guān)系代詞只能用that的幾種情況：(只作了解)

　�、� 當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing, none, the one (something除外) 等不定代詞時(shí)。

　　e.g. I had to remember everything that the teacher taught me. 我必須記住老師教給我的一切知識(shí)。

　�、� 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或the last修飾時(shí)。

　　e.g. He was the first student that got to school today. 他是今天第一個(gè)到學(xué)校的學(xué)生。

　�、� 先行詞是或被all, no, some, any, little, much, few等修飾時(shí)。

　　e.g. I have done all that he told us to do. 我已完成了他讓我做的一切。

　�、� 先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

　　e.g. He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen. 他解答出我所見過最難的題目。

　�、� 先行詞被the very, the only, the same修飾時(shí)。

　　e.g. I need the same dictionary that you have. 我需要同你一樣的字典。

　�、� 先行詞是兩個(gè)或多個(gè)分別表示人和物的名詞時(shí)

　　e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard.

　　他給我們講了許多我們從來沒有聽說過的有趣的人和事。

　�、� 主句是以who, which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問句時(shí)

　　e.g. Who is the man that you spoke to just now? 你剛才跟他說話的那個(gè)人是誰？

　　6. 定語從句可以簡化成短語。

　�、� 定語從句為被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，可用過去分詞短語簡化。

　　e.g. I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun. → I bought a book written by Lu Xun.

　　我買了一本魯迅寫的書。

　�、� 若為主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，且為進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)或從句表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)時(shí)，可用現(xiàn)在分詞短語簡化。

　　e.g. Tell the children who are playing there not to do that. → Tell the children playing there not to do that.

　　The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987. → The house standing at the corner was built in 1987.

　�、� 當(dāng)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞表示一個(gè)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或具有某種情態(tài)意義時(shí)，可簡化為動(dòng)詞不定式。

　　e.g. We have nothing that we should fear. → We have nothing to fear. 我們沒有什么事情可以害怕。

　�、� 當(dāng)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞后是介詞短語時(shí)，可簡化為介詞短語作定語。

　　e.g. The book that is on the table is expensive. → The book on the table is expensive.

　　7.關(guān)系副詞when或where引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),它們在從句中分別作時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語。如：This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (這是一個(gè)星期前他們吵架的房間。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記第一次見到你的日子。)

　　[注意]

　　一、定語從句是復(fù)合句的重要組成部分。在定語從句中不管出現(xiàn)什么情況，主句的結(jié)構(gòu)必須完整。試比較：

　　1. Is this farm ________ they visited the day before yesterday?

　　2. Is this the farm ________ they visited the day before yesterday?

　　A. which B. the one C. where D. what

　　簡析：第1題中主句缺少表語，只有B項(xiàng)才能保持主句的.完整性。故選B。第2 題的主句本身已完整，應(yīng)填關(guān)系代詞作定語從句中及物動(dòng)詞visit 的賓語。所以，正確答案是A。

　　二、在定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞已經(jīng)代替先行詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)了某一成分，因此，定語從句中不能再出現(xiàn)與關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞相重疊的成分。例如：

　　改錯(cuò)： Do you remember the book that I lent it to you last week?

　　簡析：該題中的that 指代先行詞book，在定語從句中充當(dāng)了動(dòng)詞 lend 的邏輯賓語，故 it 應(yīng)該刪除。

　　三、解題時(shí)，首先要結(jié)合選項(xiàng)對(duì)題干進(jìn)行整體感知，確定定語從句的位置；根據(jù)定語從句中所缺少的句子成分，分析先行詞邏輯上在定語從句中的成分，繼而選出正確的選項(xiàng)。例如：

　　Can you tell me the name of the factory ________ you visited last week?

　　A. what B. where C. / D. when

　　簡析：本題定語從句的主語、謂語、時(shí)間狀語已具備，而visit 是個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，從語義上分析，factory 作visit 的賓語。故只能選C (引導(dǎo)詞在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省略）。

　　四、解答"介詞+關(guān)系代詞 "類型的定語從句題時(shí)，關(guān)鍵在于分析定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞（該動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞）習(xí)慣上常與什么介詞搭配使用。這就需要同學(xué)們在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要注重某些不及物動(dòng)詞和介詞慣用的情形，并要靈活運(yùn)用。例如：

　　In the dark street, there wasn't a single person ________ she could turn for help.

　　A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

　　簡析:本題定語從句中的turn 與介詞 to 構(gòu)成固定短語"turn to sb. for help (向某人求助）"。所以，D是正確選項(xiàng)。

　　定語從句練習(xí)

　　1.Watch the girl and her dog ________ are crossing the bridge.

　　A. which B. who C. they D. that

　　2.Who________know him would believe him?

　　A. whom B .that C. which D. who

　　3.Which of the two cows_____ you keep produces more milk?

　　A. that B. which C. whom D. what

　　4.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone___ family was poor.

　　A. of whom B. whom C. of whose D. whose

　　5.A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan.

　　A. which B. his C. whose D. of whose

　　6.The building ____ windows are bright at night is our school library.

　　A. that B. which C. whose D. of whose

　　7.I have heard from my father,______ is in America .

　　A. which B. that C. whom D. who

　　8.There is a mountain ___ the top is always covered with snow.

　　A. of that B. of which C. its D. that

　　9.I will hire the man ____ they say is a good English speaker.

　　A.who B. that C which D. whom

　　10.On the way I saw a student ____ I thought was your brother.

　　A.whom B. who C. that D. he

　　11.I can still remember the sitting-room _____ my mother and I used to sit in the evening.

　　A.what B. which C. that D. where

　　12.I know the place ____ we can have a quiet talk.

　　A.which B. where C. wherever D. it

　　13.Nature,_____ gives supplies of food to every creature, is great.

　　A. who B. that C. whose D.it

　　14.Would you please put the box ___ it belongs

　　A.to whom B. to which C into which D. where

　　15.You may take ____ book you like.

　　A.which B. only C. whichever D.what

　　16.China is the birth place of kites,-___ kite flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.

　　A.from that B.from here C. from there D.from which

　　17.He has to work on Sundays,____ he does not like.

　　A. and which B.which C. and when D.when

　　18. Is this museum ___ some German friends visited the day before yesterday.

　　A.Which B.that C.where D.the one

　　19.John was the only one __ I had visited.

　　A.which B. that C.whom D.who

　　20The doctor will speak to ___ comes in first

　　A.whoever B.whomever C.whichever D.whatever

　　21.Choose ___ you think is good .

　　A.Which B.that C.whom D.what

　　22.I gave him a warning,____ he turned a deaf ear.

　　A. of which B. for which C.to that D. to which

　　23.This dictionary, the few pages_____ are missing,is of fno use.

　　A.among which B.of which C.in which D.to which

　　24.Give this prize to _____ composition is thought excellent.

　　A.whoever B. whosever C. whomever D.whatever

　　25.This is a very boy____ parents were killed in the war.

　　A.who B. that C. whose D whom

　　26.She is one of the few girls who______ passed the examination.

　　A.was B. were C. has D. have

　　27.The teacher _______ is at that desk over there.

　　A.you should talk to B. you are talked to

　　C. whom you are talking D. whom you are talked to

　　28.In the dark street, there was not a single person_____she could turn for help.

　　A.that B. who C. from whom D. to whom

　　29.Who______ has common sense can believe such a superstition(

　　A.who B. which C. but D. that

　　30That is the town ______ he was born.

　　A.which B. where C. when D. why..

　　31That is the town ______ he was born.

　　A.which B. where C. when D. why

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