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萬圣節(jié)的由來和習(xí)俗（英文版）
智 課 網(wǎng) 雅 思 備 考 資 料
雙語閱讀：萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗和來源（一）
萬圣節(jié)馬上就要到了，各種南瓜燈、稻草人等萬圣節(jié)的裝飾和符號(hào)代表的意思你都知道嗎？萬圣節(jié)又是在什么時(shí)候起源的？為什么在這個(gè)節(jié)日里，我們必讀得買糖果和盛裝打扮呢？下面的雅思雙語閱讀材料將為大家詳細(xì)解答這些問題，一起來看看吧！
Halloween as we know it today bears little resemblance tothe Roman harvest festivals especially celebrated the appleharvest.
如今為大眾所周知的萬圣節(jié)與曾經(jīng)古羅馬的豐收節(jié)略有相似之處。當(dāng)時(shí)豐收節(jié)這節(jié)日是專門為慶祝蘋果樹的大豐收而建立的。
The name Halloween comes from the 1500’s, and is avariation on “All-Hallows-Even”, the night before All SaintsDay, or All Hallows Day.? As with many things, the CatholicChurch had a holiday to coincide with a pagan celebration.?
萬圣節(jié)名字的由來大約在1500年代。是由“All-Hallows-Even”演變而來。在天下圣徒之日（All Saints Day）即萬圣節(jié)的前夕，天主教的教堂會(huì)以一個(gè)異教徒為批判對(duì)象舉行一次集會(huì)。這就是萬圣節(jié)的起源
So what do witches, ghosts, goblins, and the like have to dowith all this history? Read on to find out.
但是巫師、幽靈、鬼怪和其他諸類事物又對(duì)這段歷史產(chǎn)生了怎樣的影響？讓我接著往下讀。
Corn Husks and Stalks of Wheat
谷殼和小麥的莖干
The significance of corn husks and stalks of wheat is prettystraightforward.? Halloween comes in the autumn, the traditionalfestival celebrated the end of summer and the end of theharvest, so these images are meant to represent the end ofharvest and the beginning of winter.? Corn and wheat are
symbols of agricultural change, and the change of the seasons.?
稻谷的外殼還有小麥的莖干所傳達(dá)的意思是非常鮮明的。萬圣節(jié)深受在秋季時(shí)分慶祝夏日離去、豐收結(jié)束的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日的影響。所以谷殼和麥莖就是在傳達(dá)著豐收的喜訊還有冬季即將到來的消息。稻谷和小麥?zhǔn)撬修r(nóng)作物從耕種到豐收階段的變化，同時(shí)也在向人們傳遞著四季交替的信息。
The Colors Orange and Black
主打橙色和黑色
The colors orange and black are most likely further
representations of the time of year, rather than any Halloweenlore or mythology.? The color orange likely represents autumn,when the leaves change from green and orange pumpkins areripe for the picking.? As mentioned earlier, the Celtic festivalmarked the transition between “l(fā)ight” days and “dark” days– so the black likely represents those dark days of winter whenthere are fewer daylight hours to attend to the fields and crops.?Of course, the modern secular Halloween retailers have certainlypushed the orange-and-black as official colors of Halloween, sosuch an explanation seems weak, but it’s true.? Sorry, to quotesome movie somewhere, “orange is the new black.”? Or pink.?Or something.
萬圣節(jié)之所以是橙色和黑色作為主打色，很可能是因?yàn)樵谀撤N深層次的角度而言，這倆顏色象征了一年之中時(shí)節(jié)的變化，沒必要把顏色的問題上升到學(xué)術(shù)或者神秘學(xué)的高度來探討。橙色很可能象征著秋季。當(dāng)葉子從綠色變成了橘黃色，南瓜也是如此，好像在提醒人們“我已經(jīng)成熟啦，快來采我吧”。在更早一些的年份，古代的凱爾特文化下的節(jié)日把時(shí)間標(biāo)記為“白色”和“黑色”。而“黑色”代表的就是冬季的時(shí)間，因?yàn)閯P爾特文化發(fā)源于北愛爾蘭，眾所周知秋冬交際，太陽向南回歸線移動(dòng)，白天的時(shí)間短了，自然而然，黑色成為了冬季的代表色。現(xiàn)在萬圣節(jié)時(shí)期零售商們售賣的流行玩具大體都是這兩種色調(diào)。盡管你可能會(huì)覺得關(guān)于主打色的解釋有點(diǎn)牽強(qiáng)，但這可是真的。
Spiders
蜘蛛
As we move more into the “spooky” tales of the Halloweensymbol, we’ll start with spiders.? Go to a Halloween party andyou’re sure to see fake spider webs spread all over the place.?Forgoing a discussion of any potential mystical qualities a spidermight have (because, ew), it is significant that spiders weavewebs, which has long been associated with the passing of time,progress, and fate.? OK, so maybe that’s a little mystical too.?All in all, though, the spider’s spinning of its web is a great
natural representation of the cycle of life – a spider spins its web,bugs fly into the web, nourish the spider, etc.? Also, spiders likedusty, dark places.
當(dāng)我們一想起無奇不有的萬圣節(jié)時(shí)，蜘蛛總是不可或缺的。如果你去參加一個(gè)萬圣節(jié)晚會(huì)，我敢保證你能在墻上看到隨意布置的假蜘蛛網(wǎng)。摒棄一切關(guān)于蜘蛛的潛在的神話故事，我想蜘蛛之所以出現(xiàn)在萬圣節(jié)的舞臺(tái)很可能是因?yàn)樗幙椀闹┲刖W(wǎng)，讓人聯(lián)想到了時(shí)間的流逝，生活的前進(jìn)，還有命運(yùn)的不可預(yù)知。好吧，我承認(rèn)，講到這里就有點(diǎn)神秘感了�？偠灾兀┲肟椌W(wǎng)的行徑在自然界是象征生命循環(huán)的偉大代表——蜘蛛編織它的網(wǎng)，昆蟲粘在網(wǎng)上，成為蜘蛛的大餐等等，同時(shí)，蜘蛛喜歡滿是灰塵而又黑暗的地方。
原創(chuàng)專題推薦：
更多雅思閱讀學(xué)習(xí)材料：
雙語新聞：英國推出“防僵尸木屋” 萬圣節(jié)也醉了（圖）
雙語閱讀：聽音樂可以提高工作效率
雙語閱讀：萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗和來源(二)
智 課 網(wǎng) 雅 思 備 考 資 料
雙語閱讀：萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗和來源（二）
萬圣節(jié)馬上就要到了，各種南瓜燈、稻草人等萬圣節(jié)的裝飾和符號(hào)代表的意思你都知道嗎？萬圣節(jié)又是在什么時(shí)候起源的？為什么在這個(gè)節(jié)日里，我們必讀得買糖果和盛裝打扮呢？
雙語閱讀：萬圣節(jié)的習(xí)俗和來源（一）
Bats 蝙蝠
Bats are nocturnal?creatures, so it’s natural that a
celebration about the end of the light seasons and the beginningof the dark ones would incorporate them.? Additionally, in theold days Halloween meant big bonfires, which draw mosquitoesand moths, which would in turn draw bats,。Also, once vampirelegends made their way into Halloween folklore, the position ofthe bat was set – since it was thought that vampires couldtransform into bats.?
蝙蝠是晝伏夜出的動(dòng)物。慶祝豐收原本就是在白色季節(jié)（秋季）的結(jié)束和黑色季節(jié)（冬季）的開始期間。于是蝙蝠自然而然成為“步入夜色”的代表動(dòng)物。除此之外，萬圣節(jié)曾經(jīng)流行的慶祝方式是在篝火旁進(jìn)行。這樣無疑吸引了許多蚊子和蛾子，因此也間接吸引來了蝙蝠。同時(shí)，吸血鬼傳說一度曾是民間最流行的熱點(diǎn)話題。自從古人認(rèn)定吸血鬼能夠變成蝙蝠在天空中飛舞的時(shí)候，蝙蝠在人們心中的地位便再也無法動(dòng)搖了。
Black Cats 黑貓
OK, so while Halloween started out to be about the end ofharvest, etc., there are some ancient cultures who also believedthat, on Halloween night, the veil between the living world andthe spirit world was, if not lifted entirely, at least a little thinner.?Ancient Celtic religions taught that cats were reincarnated soulsof humans, and that they were able to see the future.? Also, itwas thought (as mentioned earlier) that witches could turn intocats.? Truth be told, most single ladies were thought to be
witches, and, just like today, many of the single ladies had?cats.?
So, in the 1600’s or so, the local cat lady would have probablybeen tried for witchcraft.
大眾普遍接受的是萬圣節(jié)是由莊家豐收之后舉辦的慶�；顒�(dòng)演變而來，但依然還有一些遠(yuǎn)古的文化被人們所接受：在萬圣節(jié)的晚上，人間和冥界的關(guān)系會(huì)發(fā)生微妙的變化，即使兩者沒有實(shí)際上聯(lián)通，但還是有可能通過某種方式來接觸的。古代凱爾特宗教認(rèn)為，貓是能夠被人類的靈魂所附體。通過貓的眼睛，我們可以看到未來。而且在此之前，人們還認(rèn)為巫師能夠附體在貓的身上。實(shí)話說，當(dāng)時(shí)許多單身的女士被看作是女巫。就算時(shí)至今日，許多單身的女士還是會(huì)養(yǎng)貓相伴，所以在十五世紀(jì)，養(yǎng)著貓的單身女士都被認(rèn)定其具有某種可怕的巫術(shù)。
Skeletons 骷髏
The Druids and the Celts believed that the skull was the“psychic seat” of the human soul.? All in all, skulls and
skeletons are associated with Halloween because they representthe end of the physical part of life, something that is connectedto Halloween both because of the death of the “l(fā)ight” seasonsand because of the perceived connection to the spirit realm.
以前的祭司和凱爾特人相信頭骨是人類靈魂的寄居地。總的來說頭骨和骷髏之所以與萬圣節(jié)有關(guān)是因?yàn)樗麄兇碇谌怏w層面的消亡。這與萬圣節(jié)是在慶祝白色季節(jié)（秋季）的終結(jié)之意在精神層面而言，又是不謀而合。
Ghosts 鬼怪
The idea of ghost plays into this idea that Halloween night isthe one night that the spirits of the ancestors are able to walkamong the living.?
人們認(rèn)為在萬圣節(jié)之夜，那些死去的人的鬼魂能夠在人間游走。目的不用多說，肯定是在找還魂的機(jī)會(huì)！
Masks and Costumes 面具和服飾
Speaking of ghosts, what is Halloween without costumesBack in Celtic times, it was thought that if you could trick thespirit, the spirit would refrain from bothering you about peskythings like tributes and respect.? On a night that the “veil”
between the spirit world and the natural world was so thin, it’sbest to pretend to be someone else.? In the 1950’s, trick-or
treating became all the rage in the United States (can you believeit was that late?)
一說起鬼怪，萬圣節(jié)不能缺少的當(dāng)然是鬼怪的服飾啦！追溯到凱爾特時(shí)期，凱爾特人認(rèn)為如果你能夠捉弄鬼魂，那么它將不再有膽量去騷擾你，反而會(huì)更加敬重你。在萬圣節(jié)當(dāng)晚，人間和冥界的隔膜會(huì)變得非常單薄，防止鬼上身的最好的辦法就是戴上面具假裝成另一只鬼。1950年后，“不招待就使壞”的習(xí)俗才開始在美國流行起來。（你能想象到這種習(xí)俗竟然是近代的產(chǎn)物？）
Pumpkin lanterns 南瓜燈
Originally, the beggars put candles inside them to light theirway from house to house to beg and pray.? Eventually, the
tradition changed to carving pumpkins, and Jack-o-Lanterns aswe know them were born.? One legend sticks out above allothers in regards to the Jack-o-lantern tradition.? An Irishmannamed “Stingy Jack” was a?drunk?and a prankster, and hemanaged to make both God and the Devil angry.? He died, andneither heaven nor hell wanted him, so he was stuck wanderingaround on earth.? He carried a turnip, hollowed out, with a
candle inside, to light his way, and to keep him from knocking ontheir door, the Irish would carve scary jack-o-lanterns to put
around their houses to keep him away. Or, so they believed, anda tradition was born.
最初，乞討者們把南瓜扣個(gè)洞，然后放進(jìn)蠟燭用來照明，以此能夠在晚上向人家行乞或者是替他們禱告。最后，該傳統(tǒng)逐漸演變成了雕刻南瓜，杰克·奧的南瓜燈由此誕生。這里有個(gè)傳說，曾經(jīng)有個(gè)叫做“有次的杰克”的愛爾蘭人是個(gè)地道的酒鬼，也是個(gè)愛搞惡作劇的人。最終他的行徑惹怒了上帝和魔鬼。他死了之后，天堂和地獄都不愿意收留他，他只能游走于塵世之間，夜幕低垂時(shí)分，他就把大南瓜摳?jìng)�(gè)大洞，并將點(diǎn)燃的蠟燭放置其中以此照明，去敲每家每戶的大門。愛爾蘭人為了能夠驅(qū)趕走杰克，都在自家門口做同樣的南瓜。做南瓜燈的傳統(tǒng)因此誕生
。
原創(chuàng)專題推薦：
萬圣節(jié)的由來起源英文版
萬圣節(jié)的由來--中英雙語/r/n
羅伯特·布里奇 Robert Bridges - A School Portrait/r/n
我已有多年未訪問伊頓公學(xué);當(dāng)有一天從Fellow’s Library [1] 經(jīng)過進(jìn)入陳列室時(shí)，我看到我的校友Digby Dolben [2] 的肖像與我們這個(gè)時(shí)代最卓越的人的肖像掛在了一起。我完全被吸引住了，而當(dāng)我駐足凝視它時(shí)，我的同伴問我是否知道他是誰。我想，除了幾個(gè)我記得起名字的人之外，我?guī)缀跻欢ㄊ俏ㄒ恢赖娜肆�。少年時(shí)代的遙遠(yuǎn)記憶就像才發(fā)生一樣向我簇?fù)矶鴣恚核忠淮握驹谖疑砼裕贻p、躊躇滿志;我仿佛能聽到他的聲音，他一點(diǎn)也沒變;然而，當(dāng)我被關(guān)于他的時(shí)間之霧包圍時(shí)，我好奇他會(huì)怎么想，他是否知道在他去世30年后的這一刻，他的記憶會(huì)因此得以保存并受人敬仰，就在這所名校中，在他微妙的靈魂一度被奇怪地困擾的地方。/r/n
這個(gè)老伊頓學(xué)生肖像的陳列館中掛出的肖像是經(jīng)過精挑細(xì)選的：出身顯赫、品格高貴可以為你在那贏得一個(gè)席位，或者在畢業(yè)后與學(xué)校有官方上的聯(lián)系——他們熱衷于維持師生之間不變的全景畫，熱衷于讓那些與繼承學(xué)校傳統(tǒng)的面貌形象有關(guān)的校史記錄保持鮮活。但，Dolben的肖像為什么會(huì)在那呢?因?yàn)樗且粋�(gè)詩人?——這我知道，但他的詩歌鮮為人知，都被家人和少數(shù)幾個(gè)朋友小心翼翼地保存了起來。即使這些數(shù)量稀少的作品能入得了負(fù)責(zé)挑選肖像的權(quán)威人士的法眼，也并不足以讓他名列其中。還有另外一個(gè)原因，肖像就是一種證明的效力，或許你無法看出他是詩人，但你卻可以看到圣人的特質(zhì)：靈魂沉浸于深思、純潔無暇、對(duì)崇高理想滿懷熱情與獻(xiàn)身精神。這樣的特征一定使他在同齡人中出類拔萃;他的生活經(jīng)歷足以讓我們相信他是一位天賦秉異的才人。而當(dāng)他的英年早逝洗凈了記憶的塵埃并喚醒了世人的愛慕之時(shí)，吝愛的悲憫將會(huì)慷慨的賦予他未曾擁有的桂冠。/r/n
注：/r/n
[1] Fellow’s Library位于劍橋大學(xué)耶穌學(xué)院，建于1676-77 年。/r/n
[2] Digby Dolben，羅伯特·布里奇的堂兄弟，英國詩人，于1867年6月28日溺水而卒。 Robert Bridges 譯文賞析：/r/n
1、原文：“Far memories of my boyhood were crowding freshly upon me: he was standing again/r/n
beside me in the eager promise of his youth。”/r/n
譯文：“少年時(shí)代的遙遠(yuǎn)記憶就像才發(fā)生一樣向我簇?fù)矶鴣恚核忠淮握驹谖疑砼�，年輕、躊躇滿志。“/r/n
這句翻譯的很好。首先，作者把 ”freshly“ 譯為”像才發(fā)生一樣“，而我認(rèn)為這一點(diǎn)比劉士聰先生譯為”鮮活地涌進(jìn)“更為合理。在漢語里用“鮮活地”顯得很奇怪，因?yàn)椤磅r活地”修飾后面的動(dòng)作“涌進(jìn)”，涌進(jìn)不能說是“鮮活”，只能說是“迅速地”或者“大量地”。其次，”in the eager promise of his youth”譯為“年輕、躊躇滿志”也很巧妙。譯者并沒有死板得按照英文的語法順序，而事實(shí)上這樣做也根本行不通。把 ”youth” 譯為漢語中的“年輕”，名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞，而“eager promise”在理解意義的基礎(chǔ)上找出對(duì)應(yīng)的漢語四字結(jié)構(gòu)，既語義準(zhǔn)確，又沒有丟掉英文的文筆。劉士聰先生譯為“煥發(fā)著青春的風(fēng)采”，顯得有些平淡無味。/r/n
2、原文：while I, wrap from him in a confused mist of time, was wondering what he would think, could he know that at this actual moment he would have been dead thirty years, and that his memory would be thus preserved and honored in the beloved school, where his delicate spirit had been so strangely troubled./r/n
譯文：然而，當(dāng)我被關(guān)于他的時(shí)間之霧包圍時(shí)，我好奇他會(huì)怎么想，他是否知道在他去世30年后的這一刻，他的記憶會(huì)因此得以保存并受人敬仰，就在這所名校中，在他微妙的靈魂一度被奇怪地困擾的地方。/r/n
我認(rèn)為這部分翻譯的有失妥當(dāng)，可以參照劉士聰先生譯文：“同時(shí)我在尋思著，因?yàn)榕c他之間相隔一段宛若迷霧的年月，假如他知道在這一時(shí)刻他已經(jīng)死了三十年，他可愛的母校在以這樣的方式紀(jì)念他，給他這樣高的榮譽(yù)，而他上學(xué)時(shí)，他脆弱的心靈曾經(jīng)莫名其妙地?zé)⿶肋^，他會(huì)作怎樣的感想呢?”/r/n
試譯：而我與他相隔迷霧般縈繞的時(shí)間，尋思如果他知道此時(shí)他已逝世三十年，并被他所深愛的母校——他的脆弱靈魂曾感受無端困惑的地方——緬懷和敬仰，他會(huì)怎么想。/r/n
3、原文：which right loves to keep up an unbroken panorama of its teachers, and to vivify its annals with the faces and figures of the personalities who carried on its traditions./r/n
譯文：他們熱衷于維持師生之間不變的全景畫，熱衷于讓那些與繼承學(xué)校傳統(tǒng)的面貌形象有關(guān)的校史記錄保持鮮活。/r/n
這一句話譯者自己也沒有理解原文意思，所以翻譯出來就更加抽象難懂�？梢詤⒄談⑹柯斪g文：“而校方也希望完整地再現(xiàn)教師隊(duì)伍的全貌，使那些保持了學(xué)校傳統(tǒng)的名人形象構(gòu)成的校史有生氣。”/r/n
【相關(guān)文章】The History Halloween 萬圣節(jié)的神秘起源/r/n
Halloween is on October 31st, the last day of the Celtic calendar. It was originallya paganholiday, honoring the dead. Halloween was referred to as All Hallows Eve and dates back to over 2000 years ago. 10月31日是萬圣節(jié)，這也是凱爾特歷的最后一天。萬圣節(jié)起初是一個(gè)異教徒的節(jié)日，紀(jì)念死去的人。萬圣節(jié)源于圣徒日前夜，始于2000多年前。 All Hallows Eve is the evening before All Saints Day, which was created by Christians to convertpagans, and is celebrated on November 1st. The Catholic church honored saints on this designated day./r/n
圣徒日前夜是圣徒日的前一天晚上，圣徒日在11月1日，是基-督徒開創(chuàng)的節(jié)日，用來勸說異教徒皈依基-督，天主教堂在這一天紀(jì)念圣徒們。/r/n
The Origin of Halloween/r/n
萬圣節(jié)的起源/r/n
While there are many versions of the origins and old customs of Halloween, some remain consistentby all accounts. Different cultures view Holloween somewhat differently but traditional Halloween practices remain the same./r/n
盡管關(guān)于萬圣節(jié)的起源和舊俗有很多不同的看法，但有一些是被所有人接受的。不同文化看待萬圣節(jié)總是有點(diǎn)不同，但是傳統(tǒng)的萬圣節(jié)做的事情都是一樣的。/r/n
Halloween culture can be traced back to the Druids, a Celtic/r/n
culture in Ireland, Britain and Northern Europe. Roots lay in the feastof Samhain, which was annually on October 31st to honor the dead./r/n
萬圣節(jié)文化可以追溯到德魯伊教，這是一種愛爾蘭、北歐和英國的凱爾特文化，根植于Samhain節(jié)的慶�；顒�(dòng)，Samhain節(jié)于每年的10月31日紀(jì)念逝者。/r/n
Samhain signifies "summers end" or November. Samhain was a harvest festival with huge sacred bonfires, marking the end of the/r/n
Celtic year and beginning of a new one. Many of the practices involved in this celebration were fed on superstition./r/n
Samhain節(jié)說明夏天結(jié)束或者十一月，是一個(gè)豐收的節(jié)日。在Samhain節(jié)會(huì)燃起神圣巨大的篝火，標(biāo)志著凱爾特一年的結(jié)束和新一年的開始。一些做法因?yàn)槊孕疟患尤霊c祝活動(dòng)中。/r/n
The Celts believed the souls of the dead roamed the streets and villages at night.
Since not all spirits were thought to be friendly, gifts and treats were left out to pacifythe evil and ensure next years crops would be plentiful. This custom evolved into trick-or-treating./r/n
凱爾特人相信死者的靈魂會(huì)在夜里出沒在街道和村莊 。因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為不是所有的靈魂都是友善的，所以就把禮物和好吃的留在外面安慰惡靈來確保來年的莊稼可以豐收。這種習(xí)俗演變成了trick-or-treating。
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