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2017年職稱英語綜合類專項強化習(xí)題及答案
text one
Sleep Lets Brain File Memories1
To sleep. Perchance to file?2 Findings published online this week by the Proceedings3 of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz’s4.
Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex7 (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus8, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds9 later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline10 to high glucose levels.
Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body’s tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.
“Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age.” Convit says. “And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14” Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.
詞匯:
perchance /pE(:)5tFB:ns/adv.(古)偶然;或許 somatosensory /7sEumEtE5sensEri/adj.(耳、目、口等spindle /5spindl/n.紡錘體 以外的 )體覺 online adj.& adv.在線的(地) shrinkage /5FrinkidV/n.收縮，減少 ripple /5ripl/n.脈動，波動 neocortex /7niEu5kC:teks/n.新(大腦)皮層 stow v.儲藏，堆裝 impairment /im5pZEmEnt/n.損傷，損害 diabetes /7daiE5bi:ti:z/n.糖尿病 oscillation /7Csi5leiFEn/n.振蕩 emanate /5emEneit/v.發(fā)源(from) intrigue /in5tri:^/v.引起……興趣 (或好奇心 ) recollection /7rekE5lekFEn/n.回憶;[常作～s] 回憶起intertwine /7intE(:)5twain/v.(使)纏結(jié)，(使)纏繞 的事物 cognition /kC^5niFEn/n.認知;認識的結(jié)果
注釋：
1. file memories：歸檔并儲存記憶。 file：意為 “to put or keep (papers，etc. ) in useful order for storage or reference”(把…歸檔)。
2. To sleep. Perchance to file?：從落士比亞筆下哈姆雷物的獨白中的名句“ To sleep: perchance to dream. ”改編而來。
3. the Proceedings (科學(xué)文獻、會議文獻 )匯編，常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
4. zzz：(擬聲詞)打鼾聲
5. Rutgers University：美國新澤西州立大學(xué) (the State University of New Jersey)。
6. emanating from：發(fā)源于。如：Delicious smells were emanating from the kitchen.香味從廚房傳出來的。 The rumor emanated from their section. 謠言是從他們室里傳出來的。
7. neocortex：新(大腦)皮質(zhì)，尤指大的高等哺乳動物大腦中新生長的部分，也叫做 neopallium。neo-：前縀，意思是“新的”。
8. the hippocampus：大腦側(cè)面腦室壁上的隆起物，也稱“海馬狀突起”，在泛記過程中起主要作用。
9. tens of milliseconds：數(shù)十毫秒
10. age-associated memory decline：與年齡相關(guān)的記憶衰退
11. administer：實施
12. this impairment：指上句中 hippocampus shrinkage.
13. memory deficits：記憶衰退
14. … the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition：令人興奮的可能性，即不斷改善葡萄糖容許量可以完全改變對某些與年齡相關(guān)的認知問題。
15. keep glucose levels in check：限制葡萄糖水平。 in check：在控制中，被阻止。
練習(xí)：
1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence “To sleep. Perchance to file?”? A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep? B Does brain have memories when one is sleeping? C Does brain remember files after one falls asleep? D Does brain work on files in sleep?
2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University? A The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex. B Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus. C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation. D Somatosensory neocortex plays it primary role in memory consolidation.
3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4? A People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance. B People with good memory have low glucose tolerance. C Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance. D The poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance.
4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage? A There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage. B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one’s memory. C The more hippocampus shrinks, the better one’s memory. D The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one's memory.
5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym? A To prevent hippocampus shrinkage. B To control weight. C To exercise. D To control glucose levels.
答案與解釋 :
1. A文章第一段告訴我們，科學(xué)新發(fā)現(xiàn)進一步支持了一種理論，即，當(dāng)人體進入睡眠狀態(tài)時，大腦對在白天形成的記憶進行組織和儲存。 To sleep. Perchance to file?見注釋 1和注釋 2。
2. C 第二段告訴我們，科學(xué)家分析了老鼠的腦電波，尤其是從 somatosensory neocortex和 hippocampus兩個區(qū)域發(fā)出的腦電波。該段是后兩句指出，這兩個大腦區(qū)域的活動是互相作用的。第二段并沒有說 somatosensory neocortex或 hippocampus起主導(dǎo)作用。
3. D 該段倒數(shù)第二句提供了答案。
4. B 第四段昀后一句中 their brain scans，指上句中的 subjects with the poorest memory recollection的大腦掃描，所以選擇 B。
5. D 鍛煉身體和體重控制能保持葡萄糖水平，閑此，去健身房就有了另外一個理由。
text two
Hurricane Katrina
A hurricane is n fiercely powerful , rotating form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1,240 miles in diameter. The term hurricane is derived from Hurican, the name of 8 native American storm god1. Hurricanes are typical of2 a calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter, known as the eye. They occur in tropical regions. Over its lifetime3, one of these storms can release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs4.
The seed for hurricane formation5 is a cluster of thunderstorms over warm tropical waters. Hurricanes can only form and be fed6 when the sea-surface temperature exceeds 270C and the surrounding atmosphere is calm. These requirements are met between June and November in the northern hemisphere.
Under these conditions, large quantities of water evaporate and condense into clouds and rain — releasing heat in the process. It is this heat energy, combined with the rotation of the Earth, that drives a hurricane.
When the warm column of air7 from the sea surface first begins to rise, it causes an area of low pressure. This in turn creates wind as air is drawn into the area. This spinning wind drags up more moisture-laden air from the sea surface in a process that swells the storm8. Cold air falls back to the ocean surface through the eye9 and on the outside of the storm.
Initially, when wind speeds reach 23 miles per hour, these mild, wet and grey weather systems are known as depressions10. Hurricane Katrina formed in this way over the southeastern Bahamas on 23 August 2005. Katrina has had a devastating impact on the Gulf Coast of the US, leaving a disaster zone of 90,000 square miles in its wake11 — almost the size of the UK. Thousands have been killed or injured and more than half a million people have been displaced in a humanitarian crisis of a scale not seen in the US since the great depression.12 The cost of the damage may top13 $ 100 billion.
詞匯:
hurricane / 5hQrikEn /n.颶風(fēng) evaporate /i5vApEreit/v.(使)蒸發(fā)，(使)揮發(fā) rotate / rEu5teit /v.旋轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)動 condense /kEn5dens/v.使冷卻凝結(jié);使?jié)饪s cluster /5klQstE/n.一群,一束 moisture-laden adj.充滿水分的，充滿濕度的 thunderstorm n.雷暴 sustain /sEs5tein/v.保持，持續(xù) hemisphere /5hemisfiE/n.(地球的)半球 humanitarian / hju(:)7mAni5tZEriEn/adj.人道主義的
注釋:
1. storm god:風(fēng)暴之神。原為加勒比海 (Caribbean-Sea)地區(qū)加勒比人心目中的“罪惡之神” (the god of evil)。
2. are typical of:以……為特征，有……特點。
3. over its lifetime:在(颶風(fēng))肆虐的整個過程中
4. release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs:釋放相當(dāng)于 l萬顆核彈的能量
5. The seed for hurricane formation: 颶風(fēng)形成的原因。 seed原義為“種子”，在這里的意思是“原因”。
6. ... be fed: feed在這里的意思是 : to supply with something essential for growth, maintenance, or operation (為生長、維持或運行提供某些必要的物質(zhì)條件 )，在此可理解為“引發(fā)”。
7. the warm column of air:柱狀暖氣流
8. a process that swells the storm:增大暴風(fēng)雨威力的變化過程。 swell:在此作動詞用，意思是 to cause to increase in volume, size, number, degree, or intensity (增強體積、尺寸、數(shù)量、程度或強度 )。
9. the eye:指第一段中提到的“颶風(fēng)中心”。
10. depressions:低氣壓區(qū)
11. in its wakes在……之后。例如 : The car left clouds of dust in its wake.車后揚起了一陣塵土。
12. … more than half a million people have been displaced in a humanitarian crisis of a scale not seen in the US since the great depression:五十多萬人被迫離開家園，如此大規(guī)模的人道主義危機是美國自大蕭條以來還未經(jīng)歷過的。 be displaced:被迫離開某地。 the great depression:大蕭條，指從 1929年開始、持續(xù)至大約 1939年在北美洲、歐洲和世界其他工業(yè)化地區(qū)發(fā)生的經(jīng)濟衰退。
13. top:在此作動詞用，意思是 to exceed or surpass(多于，越過 )。
練習(xí):
1. What is the eye of a hurricane? A A native American storm god.
B A rotating form of tropical storm that can be 124 to 1240 miles in diameter. C A calm central region of low pressure between 12 to 60 miles in diameter. D A storm that can release as much energy as 10,000 nuclear bombs.
2. Which of the following is NOT the “requirements” mentioned in the second paragraph? A The tropical waters are warm and calm. B The sea-surface temperature exceeds 27°C. C There are thunderstorms over warm tropical waters. D The atmosphere surrounding the sea is calm.
3. Which of the following is the best explanation of the word “drive” in the third paragraph? A To guide, control, or direct. B To force to go through or push in. C To supply the motive force or power and cause to function. D To force to move in a particular direction.
4. What does the warm air mentioned in the fourth paragraph produce when it is rising from the sea surface? A High pressure. B Low pressure. C Wind. D Cold air.
5. What is NOT true of Hurricane Katrina according to the last paragraph? A The area affected is almost the size of the UK. B It left a disaster zone of 90,000 square miles. C Half a million people are forced to leave the area. D The humanitarian crisis is as serious as that of the great depression.
答案與題解 :
1. C 文章的第一段第三句描述了颶風(fēng)的特點，即一個直徑為 12～60英里的、平靜的低氣壓中心地帶。這個中心就叫做 eye of a hurricane。
2. A第二段的第一、二句描寫颶風(fēng)的形成原因，昀后一句中的 These requirements即是第一、二句中所述內(nèi)容。所以 B、C和 D都不是正確選項。
3. C A的意思是“駕駛”;B的意思是“敲”，“打”、“擊”，如: Drive in a nail.把釘子敲進去。 D的意思是“驅(qū)趕”，如: Drive the cattle along the road.沿大路驅(qū)趕牛群。 C的意思是“發(fā)動”、“驅(qū)動”，是正確選項。
4. B第四段第一句提供了答案。… it causes tan area of low pressure. it代指從海面上升起來的暖流。
5. D A、B、C的內(nèi)容均在課文昀后一段中被提到。文中… in a humanitarian crisis of a scale not seen in the US since the great depression.的大致意思是 :如此大規(guī)模的人道主義危機是美國自大蕭條以來還未約歷過的。 D句不符合這句話的意思，所以是正確選項。
text three
Mind-reading1 Machine(B級)
A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what’s happening in their brains.
When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain. Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send. Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.
The fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)2 brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at.
Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen. Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume. The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region. And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize3 which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood — and therefore, which parts are working to process information.
An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain. The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading. By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.
The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits. The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers’ brain activity with each photograph they looked at. Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers’ brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity. The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.
In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures. Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image. This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image. For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples.
詞匯： scan /skAn/ v. &n. 掃描 neuron /5njuErCn/ n. 神經(jīng)元visualize /5vIzjJElaIz/ v.使可見;設(shè)想
注釋:
1. Mind-reading: 能讀出(猜出)人的想法的。 mind-read: 可做動詞，如， As a successful salesman, he is able to mind-read his customers.
2. FMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)：功能性磁振造影。這是一種新興的神經(jīng)影像學(xué)方式，其原理是利用磁振造影來測量神經(jīng)元活動所引發(fā)之血液動力的改變。
3. visualize: 意為 make(something)visible to the eye，即“使可見，使顯現(xiàn) ”。
練習(xí):
1. What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes?
A)A small region of the brain.
B)The central part of the brain.
C)Neurons in the brain.
D)Oxygen-rich blood.
2. Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?
A)Ceils in your brain are called neurons.
B)The more oxygen a neuron consumes, the more blood it needs.
C)fMRI helps scientists to discover which parts of the brain process information.
D)fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently.
3. “Highlighting the areas of the brain at work” means
A)“marking the parts of the brain that are processing information”
B)“giving light to the parts of the brain that are processing information” C)“putting the parts of the brain to work”
D)“stopping the parts of the brain from working”
4. What did the researchers experiment on?
A)Animals, objects, and fruits.
B)Two volunteers.
C)fMRI machines.
D)Thousands of pictures.
5. Which of the following can be the best replacement of the tide?
A)The Recent Development in Science and Technology.
B)Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned.
C)A Technological Dream.
D)A Device that can Help You Calculate.
答案與題解：
1. C 文章第二段的昀后兩個句子提供了答案。 Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.這里的 processing指的就是上句中的內(nèi)容。
2. D 的電容文章中沒有出現(xiàn)。 A的內(nèi)容在第二段可找到。 B的內(nèi)容在第二段可找到。 C的內(nèi)容在第五段可找到。
3. A highlight：使…顯得突出，標(biāo)出。 at work：正在工作的。這里指正在處理信息的(大腦區(qū)域)。
4. B答案在文章的第六段中可以找到。實驗者讓兩個自愿受試者觀看許多照片，并用 fMRI對設(shè)備測試他們的大腦在這一過程中的活動。
5.B A論述的范圍太大。 fMR技術(shù)已不再是夢想，所以 C也不是正確選擇。 D所述內(nèi)容與文章完全不符。 B符合文章內(nèi)容，是昀佳選擇。
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