考研英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作有哪些技巧及注意事項(xiàng)
作文作為沖刺階段的殺手锏，考生一定得好好復(fù)習(xí)爭(zhēng)取提分，我們應(yīng)該找到寫(xiě)作的方法。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作方法和復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作技巧及復(fù)習(xí)注意事項(xiàng)
▶一定要多寫(xiě)
寫(xiě)作寫(xiě)作，第一步首先是寫(xiě)!可以拿考題多加練習(xí)。寫(xiě)作是考研第二大重頭戲，僅次于閱讀。但是這部分又經(jīng)常被考生忽略，考前不動(dòng)手，依賴(lài)臨考模板。對(duì)于考研寫(xiě)作，最基本的要求是考前必須動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)出30篇文章，其中十篇應(yīng)用文，二十篇圖畫(huà)作文。注意：動(dòng)筆寫(xiě)的文章最好是有范文的題目。
▶將自己寫(xiě)的內(nèi)容和范文進(jìn)行對(duì)比
第二個(gè)就是仔細(xì)對(duì)比，寫(xiě)完后對(duì)照范文從三個(gè)方面去研究：第一個(gè)是內(nèi)容，也就是構(gòu)思和原文有何區(qū)別;第二個(gè)是語(yǔ)言，也就是用詞、用句和原文有何區(qū)別?第三個(gè)是結(jié)構(gòu)，就是你的行文思路和原文有什么區(qū)別?
▶優(yōu)美范文背誦
有的同學(xué)說(shuō)了，范文我背過(guò)了，但是寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候還是不會(huì)寫(xiě)。有兩個(gè)原因，第一個(gè)原因是你背得不熟，背得結(jié)結(jié)巴巴，還不如不背;第二個(gè)原因是沒(méi)有練過(guò)，只是死記硬背。背到什么程度哪?一定要“滾瓜爛熟、脫口而出、多多益善。”
要背到不需要去想，不需要去動(dòng)腦子!如果背一篇文章還需要去想，那就證明還背得不熟。大家上考場(chǎng)，如果能想起平時(shí)的70%，那已經(jīng)是相當(dāng)不錯(cuò)了。所以我們只能在平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候背的更熟才行。
▶試著默寫(xiě)
第四個(gè)步驟就是默寫(xiě)：背熟后把書(shū)合上，把這篇文章默寫(xiě)下來(lái)。默寫(xiě)后，做一個(gè)工作：仔細(xì)對(duì)比原文發(fā)現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作弱點(diǎn)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你默寫(xiě)的文章和原文會(huì)有一些出入。包括拼寫(xiě)、語(yǔ)法、標(biāo)點(diǎn)，這種錯(cuò)誤就是你寫(xiě)作的弱點(diǎn)，把這些錯(cuò)誤用紅筆標(biāo)出來(lái)。大家為什么寫(xiě)作拿不到高分，根源只有一個(gè)——錯(cuò)誤太多。很多錯(cuò)誤自己都不知道。
▶寫(xiě)作的注意點(diǎn)和技巧：
寫(xiě)作首要的是，一、不跑題;二、字?jǐn)?shù)達(dá)到要求;三、字跡整潔工整;四、少有語(yǔ)病。這些是很基本的要求，考試的時(shí)候就要好好落實(shí)。比如，拿到作文題目后要審題。在寫(xiě)的過(guò)程中注意字?jǐn)?shù)的限制，不要寫(xiě)太多，會(huì)扣分的，字?jǐn)?shù)不夠也會(huì)扣分。所以實(shí)在不行就寫(xiě)完一段話(huà)，停下來(lái)數(shù)一數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)。
字跡工整可能短期內(nèi)提高不了。只要你比平時(shí)稍慢一點(diǎn)寫(xiě)字母，就會(huì)寫(xiě)得比較整潔。要知道老師的印象分是很重要的。病句的避免技巧就是，凡是你想的過(guò)程中感覺(jué)別扭的句子，多半就是病句。干脆不要寫(xiě)出來(lái)，換一種形式去表達(dá)。不要追求好詞，要追求準(zhǔn)確性。
在考前，小作文的提高是非常快的。方法就是分析小作文的類(lèi)型。應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作部分(小作文)考查內(nèi)容包括投訴信、咨詢(xún)信、道歉信、求職信等信函類(lèi)應(yīng)用文，而且涵蓋報(bào)告、通知、海報(bào)等告示類(lèi)應(yīng)用文。不同類(lèi)型的作文，要自己總結(jié)模版。小作文是完全可以準(zhǔn)備模版的，其作用也是常明顯。一定要注意：總結(jié)出適用于自己的模板。
考研英語(yǔ)小作文各類(lèi)信件寫(xiě)作技巧
▶一、道歉信
道歉信是由于自己的疏忽失誤而向?qū)Ψ奖磉_(dá)歉意并出于誠(chéng)意寫(xiě)出具體彌補(bǔ)辦法。第一段首先亮出寫(xiě)作目的并簡(jiǎn)單闡述該物品的狀態(tài)：I am writing to make an apology to you for+句子(表明事件因由)。
第二段列出出錯(cuò)的原因及具體補(bǔ)救辦法：To make up my fault, ......\ I will......as a token of my apology\ I sincerely apologize for my careless mistake as well as for any inconvenience thus caused to you.
第三段再一次表達(dá)歉意：Once again, I am sorry for my carelessness. Looking forward to your reply.
應(yīng)用文中的這三類(lèi)投訴信、建議信、道歉信，每一類(lèi)都有其寫(xiě)作的范式和具體的內(nèi)容要求，并且語(yǔ)言要求簡(jiǎn)單準(zhǔn)確，所以這需要大家清楚每一類(lèi)文章的一些常用語(yǔ)句，在平常積累背誦，在考場(chǎng)上信手拈來(lái)。
▶二、投訴信
投訴信是對(duì)于產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)等的不滿(mǎn)意，進(jìn)而需要寫(xiě)出自己的意見(jiàn)和要求。
第一段需寫(xiě)寫(xiě)信的目的以及自己的一個(gè)概括的期望：常用套話(huà)比如I venture to write to complain about ……+定語(yǔ)從句;I would be grateful if you could do anything necessary to solve the problem facing me.
第二段闡述兩、三方面所面臨的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的問(wèn)題及后果：there are several aspects underlying this complaint. For one thing,......For another,......In addition,......
第三段給出具體的期望，比如退款或更換新產(chǎn)品：It is my sincere hope that you could give me full refund or replace it with a new one. Your kind reply to this letter at your earliest convenience would be very much appreciated.
▶三、推薦信
推薦信可以推薦一個(gè)人、一個(gè)地方、一本書(shū)、一部電影。在信中表明推薦的內(nèi)容、原因及進(jìn)一步的溝通。
第一段概括說(shuō)要推薦的內(nèi)容：I am writing to you to recommend .I have sufficient reasons to introduce this to you and I dare say this is the best I have ever seen.
第二段敘述推薦的東西的價(jià)值，可以從表面和深層兩方面來(lái)寫(xiě)：This movie/book/city的主題或城市坐落于哪里。What is more, 情節(jié)吸引人、里邊景色引人入勝。Finally, this movie will definitely change our attitude toward this world and the people around us. We will learn that......
第三段總結(jié)句：Therefore I don’t hesitate to recommend this to you. I am sure you will enjoy the。
▶四、辭職信
辭職信內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括簡(jiǎn)單對(duì)所在公司及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的感謝，并表明辭職原因并表達(dá)歉意，最后再致歉并送上簡(jiǎn)單祝福。第一段首先致謝：I am grateful to be employed as 職位+時(shí)間。Thank you for your kind attention and I would appreciate the opportunity of having worked here.
第二段表明自己要辭職，列出原因，比如離家遠(yuǎn)想換到更近的位置;工作不適合自己等等�，F(xiàn)在給大家一個(gè)例子：However, I regret having to resign from my position. The reason for changing my working plan is that I have expected the job to be interesting and challenging, which turns out to be the opposite. As a young man full of enthusiasm, I therefore decide to quit this job for something else.
可以根據(jù)自己的具體情況給出自己的理由，切不可千篇一律。
第三段簡(jiǎn)單表明希望得到允許、歉意及祝福：I sincerely hope that you approve of my resignation. I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. Wish you and your company great success in the future.
▶五、建議信
一般就某個(gè)社會(huì)問(wèn)題或個(gè)人問(wèn)題給出自己的意見(jiàn)或建議，比如環(huán)境要改善的諫言;研究生活應(yīng)該如何進(jìn)行，等等。分兩類(lèi)建議信，一類(lèi)寫(xiě)給機(jī)構(gòu)，語(yǔ)言要正式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn);而如果寫(xiě)給熟人，則語(yǔ)言可以隨意一些。第一段概括寫(xiě)出寫(xiě)信的大致內(nèi)容：I am writing here to provide some advice to improve......\You have asked me for my advice concerning/with regard to......
第二段詳述具體的建議，可分條闡述：To begin with,......Besides,......Moreover,......
第三段總結(jié)段：I hope you will find these suggestions useful and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details. I am looking forward to your reply and wish you a good work.
▶六、求職信
求職信內(nèi)容包含簡(jiǎn)單告知求職人從何處獲悉空缺職位;自我介紹闡述職位所需的而自己符合的.優(yōu)點(diǎn);盼對(duì)方早日恢復(fù)給以面試機(jī)會(huì)。第一段：I am looking for a position in 專(zhuān)業(yè) department in which I may use my training in 專(zhuān)業(yè) to solve 專(zhuān)業(yè) problems. I am writing the letter in purpose of applying for your recently advertised position for a staff member.
第二段：表明自己符合該職位。I am sure that I am qualified for it. First, enclosed with this letter is my resume, which further details my previous academic qualifications and working experience. Second, I am young, enthusiastic and sociable, and these personalities also make me a perfect candidate for it. Last, my hobbies include......
第三段：盼能給以面試機(jī)會(huì)并表示感謝。I wish you would give me an opportunity to be interviewed. I can be reached by calling me or the address on the envelope. I would appreciate it very much if you could consider my application favorably at your earliest convenience and give me a reply.
考研英語(yǔ)閱讀技巧
具體方法是：在其他四道題的題干和所有選項(xiàng)(包括它們的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng))中尋找一些意思相同或相近(或表述同一概念范疇)的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞，這些詞是主旨詞。在主旨題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，與主旨詞意思或褒貶性最接近的選項(xiàng)就是答案。具體請(qǐng)看下面的真題示例。
例1，2012年英語(yǔ)(一)Text 3
第35題是主旨題(答案：C)，該題如下：
Which of the following would be the best title of the test?
[A]. Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development
[B]. Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery
[C]. Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science
[D]. Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science
其余四道題是：
[第31題] According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its
[A]. uncertainty and complexity
[B]. misconception and deceptiveness
[C]. logicality and objectivity
[D]. systematicness and regularity
[第32題] It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires
[A]. strict inspection [B]. shared efforts
[C]. individual wisdom [D]. persistent innovation
[第33題] Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it
[A]. has attracted the attention of the general public
[B]. has been examined by the scientific community
[C]. has received recognition from editors and reviewers
[D]. has been frequently quoted by peer scientists
[第34題] Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that
[A]. scientific claims will survive challenges
[B]. discoveries today inspire future research
[C]. efforts to make discoveries are justified
[D]. scientific work calls for a critical mind
[解析]：在其余四道題的題干和選項(xiàng)中，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞主要有scientific、discovery和credibility/credible，如紅色字體所示，它們是主旨詞。在主旨題第35題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，含有主旨詞的選項(xiàng)是BCD。其中，因?yàn)閟cientific和discovery是同類(lèi)詞，所以含主旨詞信息量最多的選項(xiàng)是CD，答案應(yīng)在CD中選擇。CD都含相同的主旨詞scientific和credibility，不能確定哪一個(gè)是答案。此時(shí)，再看含主旨詞的題干，根據(jù)題干表述的意思確定答案。仔細(xì)研讀發(fā)現(xiàn)，第31題和第32題的題干中都含有關(guān)鍵詞process，它與主旨題選項(xiàng)C中Evolution的意思接近，所以C是主旨題的正確答案�！咎貏e注意，題干中出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞是最重要的。只需根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞也可直接找出答案】
例2，2010年英語(yǔ)(一)Text 1
第25題是主旨題(答案：B)，該題如下：
What would be the best title for the text?
[A]. Newspapers of the Good Old Days (過(guò)去美好時(shí)代的報(bào)紙)
[B]. The Lost Horizon in Newspapers (報(bào)紙中消失的視野)
[C]. Mournful Decline of Journalism (新聞業(yè)可悲的衰退)
[D]. Prominent Critics in Memory (記憶中著名的評(píng)論家)
其余四道題是：
[第21題] It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that
[A]. arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers
[B]. English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews
[C]. high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers
[D]. young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies
[第22題] Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by
[A]. free themes [B]. casual style
[C]. elaborate layout [D]. radical viewpoints
[第23題] Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?
[A]. It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals
[B]. It is contemptible for writers to be journalists
[C]. Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism
[D]. Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing
[第24題] What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?
[A]. His music criticism may not appeal to readers today
[B]. His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute
[C]. His style caters largely to modern specialists
[D]. His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition
[解析]：在其余四道題的題干和選項(xiàng)中，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞主要有criticism/reviews (評(píng)論，出現(xiàn)5次)、newspapers (出現(xiàn)4次)、writers (作者，出現(xiàn)4次)、journalistic/journalism (新聞業(yè)，新聞業(yè)的，出現(xiàn)3次)，如紅色字體所示。特別注意，關(guān)鍵詞writers和journalistic/journalism雖然出現(xiàn)多次，但是它們是集中出現(xiàn)在一道題中，而非涵蓋多道題，出現(xiàn)次數(shù)只是等同于一次，所以它們不是主旨詞。主旨詞是criticism/reviews和newspapers。在主旨題第25題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，含有主旨詞的選項(xiàng)是AB，答案應(yīng)在A(yíng)B中選擇。注意，選項(xiàng)D中的Critics (評(píng)論家)不是主旨詞。接下來(lái)，再仔細(xì)分析AB，發(fā)現(xiàn)A強(qiáng)調(diào)的是newspapers，B強(qiáng)調(diào)的是the Lost Horizon。而主旨詞criticism/reviews出現(xiàn)次數(shù)最多，還未用上，所以不能選A，A中找不出能夠表述criticism/reviews的內(nèi)容。事實(shí)上，B中的the Lost Horizon正是criticism/reviews的同義替換，所以B是正確答案。
例3，2010年(英語(yǔ)二)Text 1
第25題是主旨題(答案：C)，該題如下：
The most appropriate title for this text could be
[A]. Fluctuation of Art Prices
[B]. Up-to-date Art Auctions
[C]. Art Market in Decline
[D]. Shifted Interest in Arts
其余四道題是：
[第21題] In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because
[A]. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories
[B]. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids
[C]. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces
[D]. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis
[第22題] By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Line 1-2, Para.3)，the author suggests that
[A]. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions
[B]. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries
[C]. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent
[D]. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying
[第23題] Which of the following statements is NOT true?
[A]. Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008
[B]. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum
[C]. The art market generally went downward in various ways
[D]. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come
[第24題] The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are
[A]. auction houses ' favorites
[B]. contemporary trends
[C]. factors promoting artwork circulation
[D]. styles representing impressionists
[解析]：在其余四道題的題干和選項(xiàng)中，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞最多的是art market，出現(xiàn)4次;其次是auction、fashion和fell/downward (意思相近)，分別都出現(xiàn)2次，如紅色字體所示。這些詞(特別是art market)是主旨詞。在主旨題第25題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，含主旨詞art market的選項(xiàng)只有C。而且，C中還含有與主旨詞fell/downward意思相近的decline。所以，C是主旨題的正確答案。
例4，2010年英語(yǔ)(二)Text 4
第40題是主旨題(答案：D)，該題如下：
In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on
[A]. its nature and problems
[B]. its characteristics and tradition
[C]. its problems and their solutions
[D]. its tradition and development
其余四道題是：
[第36題] From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that
[A]. both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries
[B]. defendants are immune from trial by their peers
[C]. no age limit should be imposed for jury service
[D]. judgment should consider the opinion of the public
[第37題] The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed
[A]. the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
[B]. the prevalent discrimination against certain races
[C]. the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
[D]. the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
[第38題] Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because
[A]. they were automatically banned by state laws
[B]. they fell far short of the required qualifications
[C]. they were supposed to perform domestic duties
[D]. they tended to evade public engagement
[第39題] After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed
[A]. sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
[B]. educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
[C]. jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
[D]. states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
[解析]：在其余四道題的題干和選項(xiàng)中，重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵詞主要有jury (出現(xiàn)8次)，其次是selection (出現(xiàn)4次)、discrimination/antidiscrimination (出現(xiàn)3次)、state (出現(xiàn)3次)，如紅色字體所示。仔細(xì)比較發(fā)現(xiàn)，主旨題第40題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中并不含有上述重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的任一關(guān)鍵詞。此時(shí)，換個(gè)角度分析。注意到，有三道題的題干中出現(xiàn)了時(shí)間 ( 第37的“prior to 1968”、38題的“in the 1960s”) 或表述時(shí)間范疇 (第39題的“after…”)，據(jù)此可直接判斷為，主旨應(yīng)該與時(shí)間有關(guān)。而在主旨題的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有選項(xiàng)D (傳統(tǒng)與發(fā)展)最能表述時(shí)間范疇，所以D是正確答案�！咎貏e注意：題干中出現(xiàn)的主旨詞是最重要的。優(yōu)先考慮題干中出現(xiàn)的主旨詞。若題干中沒(méi)有，再考慮選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)的主旨詞】。
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