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非謂語從句和定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語 從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。以下小編為大家介紹非謂語從句和定語從句文章，歡迎大家閱讀參考!
非謂語從句和定語從句
非謂語從句
英語中的非是整個(gè)當(dāng)中非常重要的部分，也是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。其實(shí)，我們可以從從句的角度來解釋非，弄清非謂語動(dòng)詞與從句的關(guān)系，這樣會(huì)使學(xué)生對(duì)非謂語動(dòng)詞有更好的了解，學(xué)習(xí)起來更容易。
I. v-ing 形式與從句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1. v-ing形式作主語可換成that引導(dǎo)的主語從句
Toms knowing English helps him in learning French. That Tom knows English helps him in learning English.
Her being out of work was unexpected. That she was out of work was unexpected.
2. v-ing形式作賓語或賓補(bǔ)可換成that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
I remember having paid him for his work. I remember that I have paid him for his work.
He suggests our making better use of the school library. He suggests that we (should) make better use of the school library.
3. v-ing形式作表語可換成that引導(dǎo)的表語從句
Our worry is your depending too much on him. Our worry is that you depend too much on him.
The question is many peoples being trapped in the fire. The question is that many people are trapped in the fire.
4. v-ing形式作定語可換成that, who, which引導(dǎo)的定語從句
We will study in the house facing south. We will study in the house that / which faces south.
The man talking to my teacher is my father. The man who / that is talking to my teacher is my father.
5. v-ing形式作狀語可換成相應(yīng)狀語從句
On arriving there, I will telephone you. As soon as I arrive there, I will telephone you.
While waiting for the bus, I caught sight of her. While I was waiting for the bus, I caught sight of her.
另外，v-ing形式在句中表伴隨或作結(jié)果狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，也可和with結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換。
He died, leaving his daughter much money. He died, and (he) left his daughter much money.
He died, with his daughter much money.
II. V-ed形式與從句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1. v-ed形式作定語可換成定語從句
The question discussed yesterday is very important. The question that / which was discussed yesterday is very important.
The boy lost in thought is my brother. The boy who is lost in thought is my brother.
2. v-ed形式作賓補(bǔ)可換成賓語從句
I found the room broken into and a lot of things stolen. I found (that) the room had been broken into and a lot of things had been stolen.
3. v-ed形式作狀語可換成狀語從句
(If) heated, water will turn into steam. If it is heated, water will turn into steam.
Dont speak until spoken to. Dont speak until you are spoken to.
III. to do形式與從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
1. to do形式作主語可轉(zhuǎn)換成主語從句
When and where (for us) to hold the meeting is unknown yet. When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown yet.
They seemed to be eating something cooked on the fire. It seemed that they were eating something cooked on the fire.
2. to do形式作賓語或賓補(bǔ)可換成賓語從句
I dont know what to do with the matter. I dont know that I should do with the matter.
I warned him not to drive the car after drinking. I warned that he should not drive the car after drinking.
3. to do形式作表語可換成表語從句
My wish is to become a pilot after graduation. My wish is that I can become a pilot after graduation.
My only worry was for her not to have enough experience in it. My only worry was that she have enough experience in it.
4. to do形式作定語可換成定語從句
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. The meeting that / which will be held is of great importance.
He was the first to arrive and the last to leave. He was the first that arrived and the last that left.
5. to do形式作目的、結(jié)果、原因狀語可轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的狀語從句
They started off early in order / so as to arrive in time. They started off early in order / so that they could arrive in time.
She was so excited as not to go to sleep. She was too excited to go to sleep.
She was so excited that she couldnt go to sleep.
定語從句
關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語 從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1）who, whom,that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3）which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，例如：
A prosperitywhich / thathad never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未 有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作主語）
The packagewhich / thatyou are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作賓語）
關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。
1）when, where, why
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例 如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？
2）that代替關(guān)系副詞
that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導(dǎo)的定語從 句，在非正式文體中that常被省略（正式文體中不可省略），例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住過的地方。
判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞。及物動(dòng)詞后面無賓語，就必須要 求用關(guān)系代詞。例如：
�。ㄥe(cuò)） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（錯(cuò)） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
�。▽�(duì)） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
�。▽�(duì)） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯(cuò)在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。
方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系 副詞.先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系代詞；先行詞在從句中作狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選 擇關(guān)系副詞。
例如：（對(duì)）Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?
�。▽�(duì)）Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
定語從句改成非謂語的方法：
表示主動(dòng)，正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的時(shí)候，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞來改寫。如：
I know the girl who is talking to the teacher.
I know the girl talking to the teacher.
我認(rèn)識(shí)正在和老師說話的那位女孩。
The woman who is wavingfromthe window is my mom.
The woman wavingfromthe window is my mom.
在窗戶那邊揮手的人是我媽媽。
2. 表示被動(dòng)，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作的時(shí)候，用過去分詞來改寫，如：
Shirts which are made of silk are very expensive.
Shirts made of silk are very expensive.
絲織的襯衫很貴。
I like the building which was designed by Mr. Wu.
I like the building designed by Mr. Wu.
我喜歡這棟被吳先生設(shè)計(jì)出來的大樓。
3. 表示將來的動(dòng)作，用動(dòng)詞不定式來改寫，如：
The problem which is going to be discussed tomorrow is our quarterly meeting.
The problem to be discussed tomorrow is our quarterly meeting.
明天要討論的問題是我們的季度會(huì)議。
4. 表示正在被進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式來改寫。如：
The problem which is being discussed now is our quarterly meeting.
The problem being discussed tomorrow is our quarterly meeting.
現(xiàn)在正在討論的問題是我們的季度會(huì)議。
定語從句
定語從句基本概念
在復(fù)合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。
引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。
被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that， which， who(賓格whom，所有格whose)，as 等。
關(guān)系副詞包括where， when， why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作定語從句的重要成分。
定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系，定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。
1. 限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞，主句與從句不用逗號(hào)分開，從句不可省去。例如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。
2. 非限制性定語從句主句與從句之間有逗號(hào)分開，起補(bǔ)充說明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。例如：
The house,which we bought last month,is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個(gè)月買的.
注意：非限定性定語從句中不能使用關(guān)系代詞 that。
關(guān)系代詞的用法
1. that
that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍(lán)色的。(that作賓語)
2. which
which 用于指物，在句中作主語、賓語或表語，作賓語可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
3. who， whom
who， whom 用于指人，who 用作主語和表語，whom用作賓語。在口語中，有時(shí)可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English isfromEngland.
經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個(gè)女孩是英國人。(who 作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(whom 作賓語)
4. as
�、� 引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句時(shí)，指與先行詞相似的人或物，必須用于 such/so...as...或 the same...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中，例如：
Such people as were mentioned by him were honest.
被他提到的這樣的人是誠實(shí)的。
Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out.
上學(xué)期我們數(shù)學(xué)老師出了一道我們沒有一個(gè)人會(huì)的數(shù)學(xué)題。
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.
這是和我昨天買的包一樣的包。
�、� 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)，只能修飾句子，可置于被修飾句子后面、前面或主謂之間,翻譯成“正如...那樣”例如：
The earth moves around the sun, as we all know.
As we all know,The earth moves around the sun.
The earth, as we all know, moves around the sun
�、� 在非限制性定語從句中，which和as引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別：
a. which引導(dǎo)的從句不能放在主句前，而as引導(dǎo)的從句則既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，還可以放在主謂之間。
b. as和which都可以指代一個(gè)句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which則沒有此含義。
c. as 引導(dǎo)的非限定定語從句只能修飾句子，which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句可以修飾句子，也可以修飾名詞。
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