英文中什么是定語從句
定語從句不同于單詞作定語的情況,它通常只能放在被修飾的詞之后。下面小編告訴大家英文中什么是定語從句,歡迎參考。
英文中什么是定語從句1
在復合句中 , 修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句 , 被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞 , 引導定語從句的有關系代詞 who, whom, whose, which, that等和關系副詞where, when, why等 , 關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中擔任句子成份。
定語從句公式:定語從句=先行詞+關系詞+從句
1.由who引導的定語從句中 , who用作主語 , 如 : This is the boy who often helps me.
2.由whom引導的定語從句中,whom用作賓語,如:The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
3.由whose引導的定語從句中 , whose用作定語 , 如 : Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
4.由which引導的定語從句中,which用作主語或謂語動詞的賓語或介詞的賓語,如:
The room in which there is a machine is a work shop.
The river which is in front of my house is very clean.
This is the pen which you want.
注意 :
(1)whom, which用作介詞賓語時 , 介詞可放在 whom、which之前 , 也可放在從句原來的位置上;但在含有介詞的動詞固定詞組中,介詞只能放在原來的位置上。如: He is the very person whom we must take good care of.
(2)引導非限制性定語從句時,必須用關系代詞which,不用that,如:I have lost
my bag, which I like very much.
(3)關系代詞在句中作主語時,從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)必須和先行詞保持一致。
5.由that引導的定語從句中,that可以指人或物,在從句中作主語或謂語動詞的賓語,但不能放在介詞后面作介詞賓語,如:
The book that I bought yesterday was written by Lu Xun.
注意在下面幾種情況下必須用 that引導定語從句。
(1)先行詞是不定代詞all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 , 如 :
All that we have to do is to practise English.
(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾,如
The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
(3)先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾 , 如
I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.
(4)先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the last修飾時如
He is the only person that I want to talk with.
(5)先行詞既有人又有物時,如:
They talked about persons and things that they met.
(6)當句中已有who時 , 為避免重復 , 如 : Who is the man that is giving us the class?
6.由when, where, why引導的定語從句,如:
I don't know the reason why he was late.
This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.
注意:先行詞是表示地點時,如果從句的謂語動詞是及物的,就用 that(which),如果從句的謂語動詞是不及物的,就用where引導。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
7. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
(1)限制性定語從句是句中不可缺少的組成部分,主句和從句之間不用逗號分開。引導非限制性定語從句的關系代詞有who, whom, whose, which, of which等,這些關系代詞都不能省略。
(2)非限制性定語從句是對主句先行詞的補充說明 , 沒有這種從句 , 不影響主句意思的完整 , 一般用逗號把主句和從句分開 , 關系代詞用 which,不用that;指人時可用who,如 : I have two brothers, who are both students.
8.如何簡化定語從句
(1).定語從句簡化為形容詞或形容詞短語作后置定語。如:
My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.
→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在離這兒很遠的一個村子。
This is a book that is worth reading.
→This is a book worth reading. 這是一本值得看的書。
(2) 定語從句簡化為現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語作前置或后置定語。
The man who is standing under the tree is our English teacher.
→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.
站在樹下面的那個人是我們的英語老師。
I saw the house that was burning at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.
當時我看到那房子在燃燒。
(3)定語從句簡化為過去分詞短語作后置定語。
I like to see the films which are directed by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜歡看張藝謀導演的電影。
She is the girl who was praised at the school meeting.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校會上受表彰的那個女孩。
(4)定語從句簡化為不定式作后置定語。
He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他總是第一個到校。
The report which will be given tomorrow is important to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的報告對我們很重要。
(5)定語從句簡化為what 從句。
I couldn't remember the words that he said.→I couldn't remember what he said.
我記不得他說的話。
9.關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語 從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見你的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。3)which, that
它們所代替的.先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未 有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作主語)
The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作賓語)
10.關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。1)when, where, why
關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例 如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?2)that代替關系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從 句,在非正式文體中that常被省略(正式文體中不可省略),例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十 年前居住過的地方。
英文中什么是定語從句2
一、定義
定語從句是指在句中做定語作用,修飾句中的名詞或代詞的從句,其中被修飾的名詞或代詞為先行詞。當關系代詞作定語從句的主語時,其后的謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)取決于先行詞的人稱和數(shù)。
二、定語從句的結構
定語從句一般位于先行詞的后面,定語從句由關系代詞who, whom, whose, that, which,that, as和關系副詞when, where, why等引導。
(一)關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中做主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
(1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中做主語和賓語。例如:
·Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中做主語)
·He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中做賓語)
(2)whose 用作關系詞表示所屬格,也可看作是關系形容詞,因為它后面必須接一個名詞連用。不能單獨使用。例如:
·They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
(3)which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可做主語、賓語等。作賓語時?墒÷。例如:
·A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
(二)關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
(1)關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于“介詞+ which”結構,因此常常和“介詞+ which”結構交替使用。例如:
·There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
·Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
·Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer?
這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
(2)that代替關系副詞,可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和“介詞+ which”引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略。例如:
·His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.
他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
·He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
(三)限制性和非限制性定語從句
(1)定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。
限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如:
·This is the house which we bought last month.
這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
·The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)
(2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如:
·Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
·My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
·This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
這本小說很動人,我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
(3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如:
·He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
·Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝,這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說明:關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。
(四)介詞+關系詞
(1)介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。
(2)that前不能有介詞。
(3)某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的“介詞+關系詞”結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。例如:
·This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
↓
這是我兩年前住過的房子。
↑
·This is the house where I lived two years ago.
·Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
↓
還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎?
↑
·Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
(五)as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如:
·As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
如我們所知,吸煙有害健康。
·The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
太陽使地球暖起來,這對我們人類很重要。
【特別提示】 as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以做主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點:
a)as 引導的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可。
b)as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中做主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。
三、翻譯方法
定語從語從句有以下五種翻譯方法:
前置法:這是定語從句的翻譯中較常見的一種,即把定語從句的內容翻譯成“…………的”,放在被修飾詞的前面。這種方法的使用有一個原則即是定語從句內容簡短,翻譯符合漢語表達習慣。
后置法:與前置法不同,后置法就是把定語從句的翻譯放在被修飾詞之后,這樣做的目的在于使譯文符合漢語的表達習慣。在此,定語從句的后置翻譯分為三類:由which引導定語從句時一般翻譯為“這”;另一些引導詞則在翻譯時重復先行詞,即被修飾詞;還有一些引導詞在翻譯時可以省略不譯。
融合法:在限制性定語從句中,由于定語從句與主句關系緊密,所以定語從句往往翻譯成句子的謂語部分,主語即是定語從句的先行詞。這里講的融合法即是將定語從句與主句融合為一個簡單句的方法。這種用法往往用在“there be”結構帶有定語從句的句型中。
狀譯法:英語的定語從句中有一類在形式上是主句的定語從句,而其所起的作用卻相當于主句的狀語,修飾主句的謂語或者全句。這種狀語功能常常包括原因、結果、目的、條件、讓步等,所以我們在翻譯時需要弄清主句和定語從句之間的邏輯關系,從而是譯文通順合理,符合漢語表達習慣。
【真題例句】
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
【解析】
句子可拆分為:Behaviorists suggest //that the child //who is raised in an environment //where there are many stimuli// which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses// will experience greater intellectual development.
is raised是從屬連詞who從句的動詞;are是where從句的動詞;develop是which從句的動詞;由于跟在從屬連詞后的動詞不可能是主句的謂語動詞,所以前面提到的三個動詞全都不是主句的謂語動詞。這時,句子里還有兩個動詞:suggest和will experience;經(jīng)過分析,will experience前有從屬連詞that,所以也只是從句的動詞。可以得出:本句的謂語動詞是suggest。
本句的主干即是Behaviorists suggest that ...;that引導suggest的賓語從句,動詞是will experience;who引導修飾child的定語從句,動詞為is raised;where引導修飾environment的定語從句,動詞為are;which引導修飾stimuli的定語從句,動詞為develop。
【參考譯文】行為主義者的看法是,如果一個兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里成長,而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其做出適當反應的能力,那么,這個兒童將會有更高的智力發(fā)展。
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