第二句有引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句主句的主語為，語法這句話的主干句就是引導(dǎo)的是的同位語從句是用來修飾的，常見的介詞有等而不定式短語的標(biāo)志詞是后接動(dòng)詞原形，英語四級(jí)閱讀長(zhǎng)難句句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。
長(zhǎng)難句句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析(1-10)
1.TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.
語法：這句話包含了幾個(gè)從句，句子的主干試TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundaeconomy.basicallyprivate-enterprise,market-oriented作定語修飾economy，副詞basically修飾形容詞。Inwhich后面引導(dǎo)一個(gè)economy的狀語從句，what從句則是determine的賓語從句，最后一個(gè)that從句是thosegoodsandservices的定語從句。
[參考譯文]美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟(jì)為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟(jì)中，消費(fèi)者很大程度上通過在市場(chǎng)上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費(fèi)來決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來。
2.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentomaximizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstomaximizetheirincomes,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.
語法：強(qiáng)調(diào)句。Coupledwith連接兩個(gè)并列成分(thedemand…&thedesire…),兩個(gè)不定時(shí)短語表示這些人群的目的，determine后面帶兩個(gè)賓語從句。
[參考譯文]因此，在美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系中，個(gè)體消費(fèi)者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤(rùn)的欲望和個(gè)人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合，一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制造，以及資源如何被用來制造它們。
3.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.
ontheotherhand是插入語，可以放在句首，所以這句話其實(shí)就是一個(gè)有if發(fā)起的條件狀語從句，從句中動(dòng)名詞作主語，使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主句中this指代從句整句話，主句用一般將來時(shí)，which從句是定語從句，它的先行詞是supply.
[參考譯文]另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給，而這也就會(huì)反過來降低價(jià)格并允許更多的消費(fèi)者購(gòu)買產(chǎn)品。
http://emrowgh.com heAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeafreecontractwithanotherprivateindividual.
語法：這句話的語法不復(fù)雜，只是并列成分比較多。主語是theconceptofprivateproperty,謂語是embraces,后面notonly…butalso…的成分就是embraces的賓語了。Including后面的全部?jī)?nèi)容補(bǔ)充說面前面的certainrights.
[參考譯文]在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，私有財(cái)產(chǎn)的概念不僅包含對(duì)生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán)，也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利，如確定一個(gè)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格和與另一個(gè)私人個(gè)體(經(jīng)濟(jì)單位)自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。
5.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployersarethemostefficient,allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotionalcampaigns.
語法：第一個(gè)句子的主語是thesecomputers，謂語是record，后面有兩個(gè)以and連接的賓語從句whichhoursarebusiest和whichemployeesarethemostefficient，作record的賓語，逗號(hào)之后的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)allowingpersonnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly作全句的狀語。第二句話是個(gè)典型的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)的簡(jiǎn)單句，they指thesecomputers.
[參考譯文]同時(shí)這些計(jì)算機(jī)記錄下哪些時(shí)間是最忙的，哪些員工工作效率最高，這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計(jì)算機(jī))也能為促銷活動(dòng)找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。
6.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofcomputers.
語法：黑體部分分別是這個(gè)句子的主語、謂語和賓語，中間兩個(gè)from…to…是enterprises的同位語。
[參考譯文]不計(jì)其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè)，從劇院到雜志出版商，從公用燃?xì)怆娏υO(shè)施到牛奶處理廠，都通過計(jì)算機(jī)的使用給消費(fèi)者帶來更好、更有效率的服務(wù)。
7.Exceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.
語法：前一個(gè)句子的主干部分已經(jīng)用加粗字體標(biāo)出來，insomesignificantway是狀語，ofthesameage作定語說明其他人的年齡跟殘疾兒童的年齡一樣。第二句有for引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句，主句的主語為education.
[參考譯文]殘疾兒童在許多關(guān)鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能，他們的教育必須適應(yīng)這些不同。
8.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.
語法：這句話的主干句就是Thegreatinterestindicatesfeelings.That引導(dǎo)的是feelings的同位語從句，whatevertheirspecialconditions是用來修飾allcitizens的
[參考譯文]在過去的30年中，公共教育中顯示的對(duì)殘疾兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了我們社會(huì)中的一種中強(qiáng)烈的情緒，那就是所有的公民，不管其情況有多特殊，都應(yīng)享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機(jī)會(huì)。
9.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprice,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.
語法：thereby和so連接兩個(gè)謂語，有遞進(jìn)的含義，主語都是it，斜體的詞都是it的謂語。
[參考譯文]它(廣告)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價(jià)格被迅速分銷出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一個(gè)堅(jiān)固的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)，同時(shí)也使以具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格提供出口變得可能。
10.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenactsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.
語法：Apartfrom意思是除此之外，包括或者不包括短語后面的事物，根據(jù)語境推斷，這個(gè)句子就是包括了后面的提到的thefact,that引導(dǎo)fact的同位語從句。句子的主語是noregularadvertiser,dare是一個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示敢做sth.最后一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)product的定語從句。
[參考譯文]除去議會(huì)有27件法案來規(guī)范廣告的條件，沒有任何一個(gè)正式的廣告商敢于推銷一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。
2016GCT閱讀理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析、長(zhǎng)難句講解-8.25
閱讀長(zhǎng)難句
一、拆分英語長(zhǎng)難句三原則
1.并列轉(zhuǎn)折原則
長(zhǎng)難句由于句子較長(zhǎng)，多表現(xiàn)為并列結(jié)構(gòu)。可以破折號(hào)、分號(hào)、并列連詞and或or、轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but、yet、while等為切入點(diǎn)，將各個(gè)長(zhǎng)句斷為分句。
2.主句從句原則各種從句的交替出現(xiàn)是長(zhǎng)難句的顯著特點(diǎn)之一，我們可以從各種從句的標(biāo)志性引導(dǎo)詞入手（定語從句的關(guān)系代詞或副詞who，whom，whose，which，that，as，when，where，while，how；名詞性從句的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞who，whom，which，what，that，whether，when，where，why，how等；狀語從句的when，as，since，until，before，after，where，because，though，although，sothat等）將各個(gè)分句斷為主句和從句。
3.短語成分原則無論是主句還是從句，都是由詞和短語構(gòu)成的。其中，介詞短語或者不定式短語由于充當(dāng)定語或狀語的枝葉成分而成為我們解決的重點(diǎn)。常見的介詞有on,in,with,at,of,to,by等；而不定式短語的標(biāo)志詞是to（后接動(dòng)詞原形）。找出并暫時(shí)去掉介詞短語或不定式短語能幫助我們迅速抓住句子的主干，而將其妥善還原，則有利于對(duì)句子的正確理解。
http://emrowgh.com nveyed---andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.
二、長(zhǎng)難句釋例
定語從句
1.Whenwetalkaboutsomeone’spersonality,wemeanthewaysdifferentfromothers.
2.Andthelimitedinvestmentsmuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.
名詞從句
1.Responsiblepublicofficialshavepointedoutthebiologicaleffectsofchemicalsarecumulative(積累的)overlongperiodsoftime,andthatthedangertotheindividualmaydependonthesumoftheexposuresreceivedthroughouthislifetime.
2.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremiseinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalsspecies,onlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneral,however,thisstruggleinnatureiscompetition,notconflict.
3.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact;iftheyarenotlooking,thespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.
4.Advancedlearnersfromthiskindofbackgroundwillnotevaluateadictionaryonhowuser-friendlyitisbutwillalsohavedefiniteviewsaboutthescopeandappropriateneofthevarioussocio-culturalentries.狀語從句
1.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.
2.Itsoundslike“l(fā)earningtodriveacar”,thatis,itsoundsasifthereissomesetofdefiniteskillsthat,oncerequired,enableonetouseacomputer.
3.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamoresignificantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmaynotalwaysbetheupperhand.
4.Insomewhatsimilarfashion,computerspromisetorevolutionizethestructureofAmericanlife,particularlyastheyfreethehumanmindandopennewpossibilitiesinknowledgeandcommunication.
5.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpand
territoryattheexpenseofothers,andthusleadtoconflict,itcannotbesaidthatwarlikeconflictamongnationsisinevitable,althoughcompetitionis.
分詞作狀語（非謂語動(dòng)詞）
1.Expertshavestudiedtheareasmostaffectedandhavedrawnupamapforlocalpeople,forecastingtheyearinwhichtheirhomeswillbeswallowedupbythehungrysea.
2.Giventhecomplexities,andambiguitiesassociatedwithsatisfyingmanydiverseconstituents,theexecutivesperceivedthatconflictledtomoreconsideredandacceptabledecisions.
分割結(jié)構(gòu)
1.Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.
2.Besides,theabilitytoreadmusicnotation（樂譜）hasafar-reachingeffectonmusiciansand,whenitbecomeswidespread,onthemusic-cultureasawhole.
http://emrowgh.com nflict,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanother,isdistinguishedfromcompetition,definedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequatesupply.
4.Butonethingiscertain:informationandknowledgewillbecomeevenmorevital,andthepeoplewhoposseit,whethertheyworkin
manufacturingorservices,willhavetheadvantageandproducethewealth.
5.Evenso,trueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterview,especiallytelevisioninterviews,requiresthoughtfulanalysesandevenstudy,asthisbookindicates.
GCT-2016
Lazy?Shy?Liveinacave?Thosemightnotbepositiveattributesfortheaveragehuman,buttheysurearegoodforanimalstryingtosurviveinachangingenvironment.Accordingtoanewstudy,beaststhathibernate(冬眠)orcrawlintoholesarelelikelytobelistedasendangeredthanthosethatdon't.
Followingupapreviousstudyonextinctanimals,whichshowedthatspeciesexhibiting"sleeporhide"(SLOH)behaviorsdidbetterthanothers,theresearcherswantedtoseeifthesamewastrueofmoderncreatureslikemolesandbears.Tofindoutifourmoretimidanimalshavealegupinthesurvivalgame,researchersmadeamasterlistof443sleep-or-hidemammals.
Withtheirlistinhand,theteamcomparedtheir443tothe"redlist"ofendangeredspeciespublishedbytheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature.Assuspected,asleepyorhidinganimalwaslelikelytobeontheredlistthanaregularanimal,andared-listanimalwas
alsolelikelytobeaSLOH-er.
Thismakesalotofsense,asanimalsthathideawayinacaveoratreeholeareprotectedbytheirphysicalsheltersfromavariableenvironmentoutside,whilehibernatorsenjoyaflexiblemetabolism(新陳代謝)thatcanhelpthemadapttoachangingclimate.
16.Onthelistofextinctanimalsstudied,therewere_____________.
A.fewerSLOH-ersthanregularanimals
B.moreSLOH-ersthanexpected
C.asmanySLOH-ersasregularanimals
D.hardlyanySLOH-ers
17.Thephrase"alegup"inParagraph2probablymeans__________.
A.aninstinctB.anadvantage
C.afightD.achance
18.Thestudyofmodemcreatures___________.
A.isunrelatedtothestudyofextinctanimals
B.findsevidencemissinginthestudyofextinctanimals
C.hasfindingssimilartothoseofthestudyofextinctanimals
D.revealsadifferentpatternfromthestudyofextinctanimals
19.Accordingtothepassage,red-listanimalsaremorelikelyto____________.
A.belazyB.betimid
C.livelongD.sleepless
http://emrowgh.com helastparagraphtheauthor____________.
http://emrowgh.com paresthebehaviorsofsleepersandhiders
B.offersanexplanationforthesurvivalofsleepersandhiders
C.analyzeshowachangingenvironmentaffectsSLOH-ers
D.emphasizeswhatcanbelearnedfromSLOH-ers
英語四級(jí)閱讀長(zhǎng)難句句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析(16)
英語四級(jí)閱讀長(zhǎng)難句句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析(16)
分詞和從句
分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)和分詞短語在英語中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充當(dāng)補(bǔ)語,定語,狀語等成分。在成分復(fù)雜的句子中，有時(shí)分詞的出現(xiàn)易同謂語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式或者進(jìn)行時(shí)搞混，造成句子主干的判斷錯(cuò)誤。帶有自己主語的分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)由于同非限制性定語從句和插入語一樣需要逗號(hào)同句子的其他成分分開，因此常會(huì)誤認(rèn)為是非限制性定語或插入語。有些從句，尤其是定語從句，其形式變化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。
Excrise
Someonewithahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanlewillgointooldagemorecongnitivelysoundthansomeonewhohasnothadanactivemind.
Whenbuildingspaceonthegroundbecomesscarceusemustbemadeofthespaceintheair.
Whenaconsumerfindsthatanitemsheorheboughtisfaultyorinsomewaydoesnotliveuptothemanufacturer'sclaimforit,thefirststepistopresentthewarrantyoranyotherrecordswhichmighthelp,atthestoreofpurchase.
要點(diǎn)：句首的someone后有介詞短語withahistoryofdoingmoreratherthanle對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾。第二個(gè)someone后有一個(gè)定語從句1
whohasnothadanactivemind對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾�！皊ound”在此句中的意思為“健康，健全”。
譯文:經(jīng)常積極思考的人進(jìn)入老年后,比不積極思考的人在認(rèn)知方面更加健康.
要點(diǎn)：主句的謂語usemustbemadeofthespaceintheair.是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。在英語中“動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞”類的短語將主動(dòng)語態(tài)改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)有兩種改法。一種是將詞組中的名詞上升為主語;另一種是將介詞后面的賓語升為主語。
舉例：主語態(tài)：Theytakecareofthebabies.
被動(dòng)態(tài)1Careofthebabiesaretakenbythem.
被動(dòng)態(tài)2Thebabiesaretakencarebythem.
在本句中是采用了第一種做法，全句的主動(dòng)語態(tài)為Wemusttakeuseofthespaceintheair.
譯文：當(dāng)?shù)孛娴慕ㄖ臻g變得緊張時(shí)，我們必須在空中拓展空間。要點(diǎn)：when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，直到逗號(hào)為止。"anitem"后有定語從句"sheorhebought"對(duì)其修飾，"insomeway"意為在某一方面，"liveupto"意為達(dá)到。。。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
譯文：消費(fèi)者一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)所購(gòu)商品有缺陷或者在某一方面不能達(dá)到生產(chǎn)廠家宣稱的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，應(yīng)采取的第一步是向購(gòu)物商店出示保單或其他有效的證據(jù)。
2