英譯漢短文翻譯

　　1. Lexicography 1)Lexicography provides at its best a joyful sense of busyness with language

　　詞典編纂的絕妙之處是給人一種與語(yǔ)言打交道的快樂(lè)感。

　　2) One is immersed in the details of language as in no other field.

　　不像其他領(lǐng)域，編詞典的人整天都鉆在語(yǔ)言材料中。

　　3) Sometimes the details are so overwhelming and endless they sap the spirit and depress the mind有時(shí)碰到的語(yǔ)言材料浩如煙海，令人耗神。

　　4) Often at the end of a hard day’s work one realizes with dismay that the meager stack of finished work one has accomplished has an immeasurably slight impact on the work as a whole往往一天辛苦工作下來(lái)，發(fā)覺(jué)所完成的薄薄幾頁(yè)草稿只是全部工作的九牛一毛，好不沮喪。5) As I hope the readers of this work will come to understand dictionaries do not sprint into being正如我希望這部著作的讀者會(huì)逐漸明白的那樣，詞典并非是一蹴而就的。 6)People must plan them collect information and write them. 必須先制定計(jì)劃，收集材料，然后方能編寫(xiě)。7 )Writing takes time and it is often frustrating and even infuriating.編寫(xiě)詞典不僅耗費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且常讓人受挫，甚至惱怒。8 )No other form of writing is at once so quixotic and so intensely practical. 沒(méi)有其他的寫(xiě)作像編纂詞典那樣，既要有空想又要腳踏實(shí)地9) Dictionary making does not require brilliance or originality of mind. 詞典編纂并不需要很多的才華或獨(dú)創(chuàng)的思維。10) It does require high intelligence mastery of the craft and dedication to hard work.但卻要求很高的智力，對(duì)詞典編纂的精通，和甘于吃苦的精神。11) If one has produced a dictionary one has the satisfaction of having produced a work of

　　enduring value. 一個(gè)人編寫(xiě)出一部詞典，就會(huì)因它的長(zhǎng)久價(jià)值而得到一份快慰。

　　2.Pollution 1) Pollution is a problem because man in an increasingly populated and

　　industrialized world is upsetting the environment in which he lives. 污染已成為問(wèn)題，因?yàn)樵诋?dāng)今人口越來(lái)越多，社會(huì)越來(lái)越工業(yè)化的世界上，人類(lèi)正在污染他們居住的環(huán)境。2) Many scientists maintain that one of man’s greatest errors has been to equate growth with advancement. 許多科學(xué)家認(rèn)為人類(lèi)最大的錯(cuò)誤是把發(fā)展和進(jìn)步等同起來(lái)。3) Now “growth” industries are being looked on with suspicion in case their side effects damage the environment and disrupt the relationship of different forms of life. 現(xiàn)在人們以懷疑的態(tài)度看待“發(fā)展性”的產(chǎn)業(yè)，因?yàn)樗鼈兊母弊饔脮?huì)破壞環(huán)境，破壞各種生命之間的關(guān)系。4) The growing population makes increasing demands on the world’s fixed supply of air water and land.

　　人口的增長(zhǎng)導(dǎo)致對(duì)世界上有限的空氣、水和土地的需求不斷增長(zhǎng)。5) This rise in population is accompanied by the desire of more and more people for a better

　　standard of living, 伴隨著人口增長(zhǎng)的是越來(lái)越多的人渴望更高的生活水平。 in an ever increasing amount of waste material to be disposed of. 于是對(duì)電、水和商品的更大需求必然造成有更多的廢物要處理。6) The problem has been causing increasing concern to living things and their environment. 這個(gè)問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引起人們對(duì)生物及其環(huán)境的日益關(guān)注。7) Many believe that man is not solving these problems quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions takes him past the point of no qualities not come through to the people I talked with it was their very opposites that seemed more characteristic.

　　但是，和我談過(guò)話的人并沒(méi)有感覺(jué)到這些品質(zhì)，倒是恰恰相反的情況似乎更具有代表性。4) People of all classes—the rich man dealing with the Internal Revenue Service as will as the poor woman struggling with the welfare department—felt the treatment they had received had been bungled not efficient; unpredictable not rational; discriminatory not uniform; and all too often insensitive rather than courteous. 各階層的人，從與稅收部門(mén)打交道的富人到與福利部門(mén)交涉的可憐的婦人，都覺(jué)得他們受到的對(duì)待是糟糕的，而不是有效的，是捉摸不定的，而不是合情合理的是帶有歧視的，而不是公平的，而且經(jīng)常是冷漠的，而不是禮貌的。 5) It was as if they had bought a big new car that not only did not run when they wanted it to but periodically revved itself up and drove all around their yards. 就像是買(mǎi)了一輛新的大轎車(chē)，不僅要它走的時(shí)候不走，面貌而且不時(shí)會(huì)自行加速，在院子里到處亂跑。

　　人們對(duì)智力所指的有那些不同表現(xiàn)看法比較一致，而對(duì)這些表現(xiàn)如何進(jìn)行解釋和分類(lèi)，意見(jiàn)就不那么一致了。但人們一般認(rèn)為智力高的人在處理問(wèn)題時(shí)能抓住要點(diǎn)，善于區(qū)分，能進(jìn)行邏輯推理，和利用語(yǔ)言和數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)。智力測(cè)試只能很粗地衡量孩子的學(xué)習(xí)能力，尤其是學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)校要求的東西的能力。智力測(cè)試并不能衡量一個(gè)人的個(gè)性，社會(huì)適應(yīng)力，耐力性，勞動(dòng)技能，或藝術(shù)才能。人們不認(rèn)為能做到這些，當(dāng)初也不是為這些目的設(shè)計(jì)的。批評(píng)智力測(cè)試不能做到這一些，就如同批評(píng)溫度計(jì)不能測(cè)風(fēng)速一樣。既然對(duì)智力的評(píng)估是相對(duì)而言的，那么我們必須確保，在對(duì)我們的對(duì)像進(jìn)行比較時(shí)，我們所使用的尺度能提供“有效的”或“公正的”比較。

　　5. Problem with Educational System

　　1)There are 39 universities and colleges offering degree courses in Geography but I have never seen any good jobs for Geography graduates advertised. 2)Or am I alone in suspecting that they will return to teach Geography to another set of students who in turn will teach more Geography undergraduates?3) Only ten universities currently offer degree courses in Aeronautical Engineering which perhaps is just as well in view of the speed with which the aircraft industry has been dispensing with excess personnel. 4) On the other hand hospital casualty departments throughout the country are having to close down because of the lack of doctors. 5) The reason? University medical schools can only find places for half of those who apply. 6) It seems to me that time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system that will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent application and industry currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.

　　6. Novelists 1) But if the open air and adventure mean everything to De foe they mean nothing to Jane Austen. 如果說(shuō)曠野和歷險(xiǎn)對(duì)笛福的小說(shuō)是主題，那么對(duì)奧斯丁小說(shuō)就毫無(wú)意義2) Hers is the drawing room and people talking and by the many mirrors of their talk revealing their characters. 她的小說(shuō)是客廳和客廳中閑聊的人們。他們的談話像一面面鏡子，反映出他們的性格。3) And if when we have accustomed ourselves to the drawing room and its reflections we turn to Hardy we are once more spun around. 當(dāng)我們熟悉了奧斯丁的客廳和反映出來(lái)的事物后再去讀哈代的小說(shuō)，又得轉(zhuǎn)向另一個(gè)世界。4) The moors are round us and the stars are above our heads. 周?chē)�茫�；囊埃�頭頂一片星空。5) The other side of the mind is now exposed—the dark side that comes uppermost in solitude not the light side that shows in company. 此時(shí)心態(tài)的另一面被揭示出來(lái)：不是聚會(huì)結(jié)伴時(shí)顯示出來(lái)的輕松一面， 6) Our relations are not towards Nature and destiny. 而是自然和命運(yùn)。7) Yet different as these worlds are each is consistent with itself. 這些作家描寫(xiě)的世界是完全不同的，但它們都自成一體。8) The maker of each is careful to observe the laws of his own perspective and however great a strain they may put upon us they will never confuse us ad lesser writers so frequently do by introducing two different kinds of reality into the same book. 每個(gè)世界的創(chuàng)造者都小心翼翼遵循自己觀察事物的法則，不管他們的作品讀起來(lái)是如何的費(fèi)力，卻不像二流作家那樣，把兩種完全不同的世界塞進(jìn)同一本書(shū)，讓人感到不知所云。

　　目前全國(guó)有39所大學(xué)開(kāi)設(shè)地理學(xué)位課程，但我從未看到廣告上有招聘地理專(zhuān)業(yè)的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生的好工作�；蚴遣皇侵挥形乙粋�(gè)人懷疑他們將回到學(xué)校教另一批學(xué)生的地理，而這些學(xué)生將來(lái)又去教更多的學(xué)生的地理？現(xiàn)在只有10所大學(xué)開(kāi)設(shè)航天工程學(xué)位課程，考慮到飛機(jī)制造業(yè)一直在裁員的速度，還是這樣做好。另一方面，由于缺少醫(yī)生，全國(guó)的醫(yī)院急診室不得不紛紛關(guān)門(mén)。為什么？因?yàn)榇髮W(xué)的醫(yī)學(xué)院只能為申請(qǐng)攻讀學(xué)位的一半人提供名額。對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)，時(shí)機(jī)已經(jīng)成熟，就業(yè)部和教育部應(yīng)當(dāng)和名大學(xué)攜手起來(lái)，改革我們的教育制度，使之更珍惜地使用學(xué)校的人才資源，學(xué)生的刻苦勤奮精神。而現(xiàn)在這些人才和努力都浪費(fèi)在無(wú)人感興趣的文憑和學(xué)位上。

　　7.The Law of Competition

　　1) Under the law of competition the employer of thousands is forced into the strictest economies among which the rates paid to labor figure prominently.2) The price which society pays for the law like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries is great but the advantages of this law are also greater than its cost—for it is to this law that we owe our wonderful material development which brings improved conditions in its train.3) But whether the law be benign or not we cannot evade it; of the effect of any new substitutes for it proposed we can not be sure; and while the law may be sometimes hard for the individual it is best for the race because it insures the survival of the fittest in every department.4) We accept and welcome therefore as conditions to which we must accommodate ourselves great inequality of environment; the concentration of business industrial and commercial in the hands of a few; and the law of competition between these ,as being not only beneficial but essential to the future progress of the race.

　　8. Key to Success in Business

　　1) Every successful business is built on superior senses—of timing opportunity responsibility and not infrequently humor.2) None however is more critical than the ability to sense the market.3) A senior executive’s instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies product and service offerings indeed all elements of a company’s strategic posture.4) People like Bill Gates brought this ability to the enterprises they founded.5) Without it their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful.6) But many top-level managers particularly those at industrial companies consider customer contact the bailiwick of sales and marketing staff.7) And even if they do believe that market focus is a priority most retain only limited contact with consumers as their organizations grow relying instead on subordinates’ reports—second –or-third-hand informati0n—to define and sense the market for them.

　　在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的法則下，上萬(wàn)人的雇主不得不實(shí)行一些最嚴(yán)厲的節(jié)約措施，其中節(jié)約給工人報(bào)酬的那部分占很大一部分。社會(huì)為這個(gè)法則付出的代價(jià)如同為低廉的舒適條件和奢侈品付出的代價(jià)一樣是巨大的。但帶來(lái)的好處超過(guò)了代價(jià)，因?yàn)檎�是這個(gè)法則，我們才有了了不起的物質(zhì)進(jìn)步，其結(jié)果是生活水平的提高。但是，不管這個(gè)法則是好是壞，我們無(wú)法回避，對(duì)任何建議替代它的新東西，其作用我們是不敢肯定的，雖然這個(gè)法則有時(shí)對(duì)個(gè)人來(lái)說(shuō)可能很殘酷，但對(duì)人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)是好的，因?yàn)樗�確保每個(gè)領(lǐng)域里適者生存。我們接受并歡迎環(huán)境上的不平等，接受并歡迎讓工商業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)集中在少數(shù)人的手里，接受和歡迎他們之間存在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的法則，我們把所有這一切看成是我們必須適應(yīng)的條件，看成對(duì)人類(lèi)未來(lái)的進(jìn)步不僅有益，而且是很有必要的。

　　每一個(gè)成功的工商企業(yè)都是建立在一些卓越的意識(shí)之上的，即懂得審時(shí)度勢(shì)，抓住機(jī)遇，承擔(dān)責(zé)任，并不乏幽默感。但這一切都沒(méi)有比對(duì)市場(chǎng)了解的能力更為重要。高級(jí)管理人員的一個(gè)非常重要的本事是能很自然地設(shè)身處地的為客戶著想，并從他們那里獲得真知灼見(jiàn)。他們利用這種能力來(lái)指導(dǎo)技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品和售后服務(wù)，乃至公司戰(zhàn)略計(jì)劃的各個(gè)方面。比爾 蓋茨之類(lèi)的成功者就曾把這種本事帶進(jìn)他們各自創(chuàng)立的企業(yè)中。沒(méi)有這種能力，他們的事業(yè)或許只是曇花一現(xiàn)，至少?zèng)]有像今天這樣成功。但是許多高層經(jīng)理，特別是工業(yè)公司的高層經(jīng)理，把與顧客接觸看成是銷(xiāo)售和市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)人員的事。即便他們確實(shí)也認(rèn)為市場(chǎng)是公司的重心，但隨著公司的發(fā)展，他們中在多數(shù)人也只與消費(fèi)者保持十分有限的接觸而已。他們判斷和把握市場(chǎng)，依賴于下屬送來(lái)的報(bào)告，即二手、三手的材料。

　　9. The Policy of Mass Media

　　1) Life is indeed full of problems on which we have to make decisions as citizens or as private individuala.2) But neither the real difficulty of these decisions nor their true and disturbing challenge to each individual can often be communicated through the mass media.3) The disinclination to suggest real choice which is to be found in the mass media is not simply the product of a commercial desire to keep the customers happy.4) The organs of the Establishment however well—intentioned they may be have a vested interest in ensuring that the public boat is not violently rocked and will so affect those who work within the mass media that they will be led insensibly towards forms of production which though they go through the motions of dispute and inquiry do not break through the skin to where such inquires might really hurt.5) They will tend to move when exposing problems well within the accepted

　　cliché—assumptions of democratic society and will tend neither radically to question these clichés nor to make a disturbing application of them to features of contemporary life

　　10. The American and the English

　　1) Of the intrinsic differences that separate American from English許多本質(zhì)上的不同造成了美語(yǔ)從英語(yǔ)中分出來(lái)。 the chief have their roots in the obvious disparity between the environment and traditions of the American people 而主要的不同是兩種語(yǔ)言根植于兩個(gè)完全不同的社會(huì)環(huán)境和文化傳統(tǒng)。since the seventeenth century and those of the English自從從17世紀(jì)來(lái)，美國(guó)人和英國(guó)人在這兩方面的差異十分明顯。.2) The latter have lived under a relatively stable social order and it has impressed upon their souls their characteristic respect for what is customary and of good report. 英國(guó)人相對(duì)說(shuō)來(lái)生活在一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的社會(huì)秩序里。這種秩序銘記在他們心靈里的是對(duì)習(xí)慣上和名譽(yù)上的東西有一種特有的尊敬。3) Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions their whole lives were regulated perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards by a regard for precedent. 雖然第一次世界大戰(zhàn)改變了他們大多數(shù)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，但在這之前，他們的全部生活，或許比其他任何民族的生活，除西班牙人，都更受到先例的制約。4) The Americans though partly of the same blood have felt no such restrain and acquired no such habit of conformity. 而雖然美國(guó)人中一部分的祖先是英國(guó)人，但他們沒(méi)有這種約束。也沒(méi)有這種一致性習(xí)慣的要求。5) On the contrary they have plunged to the other extreme for the conditions of life in their country have put a high value upon the precisely opposite qualities of curiosity and daring and so they acquired that character of restlessness that impatience of forms that disdain of the dead hand which now broadly marks them. 相反，他們走到了另一個(gè)極端，因?yàn)樗麄儑?guó)家的生活狀況使他們看重的是好奇和冒險(xiǎn)這恰恰相反的品質(zhì)，這樣他們養(yǎng)成的是不安現(xiàn)狀，厭煩形式主義，藐視舊勢(shì)力的影響的個(gè)性。這些個(gè)性在他們身上普遍反映出來(lái)。

　　生活中充滿了作為工民或個(gè)人必須作出決定的問(wèn)題。但在媒體中不經(jīng)常見(jiàn)到有反映作出這些決定的真實(shí)難度，也沒(méi)有反映作出這些給他們帶來(lái)的令人煩惱的難題。媒體不愿給出明確答案不只簡(jiǎn)單是一種取樂(lè)于顧客的廣告手段。各種社會(huì)權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)，盡管初衷可能是好的，都有自己的即得利益，確保社會(huì)的穩(wěn)定，它們會(huì)設(shè)法影響新聞工作者，讓他們不知不覺(jué)制作出的節(jié)目或?qū)懗龅奈恼虏煌床话W，不觸及到問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì)，雖然也裝模作樣地搞些辯論和調(diào)查。他們揭露問(wèn)題往往只是在民主社會(huì)可以接受的老一套觀點(diǎn)內(nèi)進(jìn)行。既不對(duì)這些老一套的表示出一點(diǎn)過(guò)激的疑問(wèn)，在把它們到現(xiàn)代生活的專(zhuān)欄時(shí)也盡量不讓各方面感到難堪。

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