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職稱英語歷年真題《理工B》補(bǔ)全短文精選
在日常學(xué)習(xí)和工作生活中，我們最熟悉的就是考試真題了，考試真題是命題者按照一定的考核目的編寫出來的。什么類型的考試真題才能有效幫助到我們呢？以下是小編整理的職稱英語歷年真題《理工B》補(bǔ)全短文精選，僅供參考，希望能夠幫助到大家。
職稱英語歷年真題《理工B》補(bǔ)全短文 1
The Tough Grass that Sweetens Our Lives.
Sugar cane was once a wild grass that grew in New Guinea and was used by local people for roofing their houses and fencing their gardens.Gradually a different variety evolved which contained sucrose (蔗糖) and was chewed on for its sweet taste.Over time, sugar cane became a highly valuable commercial plant, grown throughout the world.__________ (46)
Sugar became a vital ingredient in all kinds of things, from confectionery (糖果點(diǎn)心) to medicine,and, as the demand for sugar grew, the industry became larger and more profitable.__________(47)
Many crops withered (枯萎) and died, despite growers attempts to save them, and there were fears that the health of the plant would continue to deteriorate.
In the 1960s, scientists working in Barbodos looked for ways to make the commercial species stronger and more able to resist disease.They experimented with breeding programmes, mixing genes from the more delicate, commercial type.__________(48) This sugar cane is not yet ready to be sold commercially, but when this happens, it is expected to be incredible profitable for the industry.
__________ (49) Brazil, which produces one quarter of the worlds sugar, has coordinated an international project under Professor Paulo Arrudo of the Universidade Estaudual de Campinas in Sao Paulo.Teams of experts have worked with him to discover more about which parts of the genetic structure of the plant are important for the production of sugar and its overall health.
Despite all the research, however, we still do not fully understand how the genes in sugar cane.
__________(50) This gene is particularly exciting because it makes the plant resistant to rust, a disease which probably originated in India, but is now capable of infecting sugar cane across the world.
Scientist believes they will eventually be able to grow a plant which cannot be destroyed by rust.
A.Eventually, a commercial plant was developed which was 5 percent sweeter than before,but also much stronger and less likely to die from disease.
B.One major gene has been identified by Dr Angelique DHont and her team in Montpelier, France.
C.Sugar cane is now much more vigorous and the supply of sugar is therefore more guaranteed.
D.Since the 1960s, scientists have been analyzing the mysteries of the sugar canes genetic code.
E.The majority of the worlds sugar now comes from this particular commercial species.
F.Unfortunately, however, the plant started to become weaker and more prone to disease.
答案與解析
46.E�？崭袂耙痪涓收岢闪艘环N極具價(jià)值的商業(yè)作物，在全世界種植�？瞻滋帒�(yīng)繼續(xù)談?wù)撈鋬r(jià)值，故E選項(xiàng)(現(xiàn)在世界上大部分糖都是產(chǎn)自這個(gè)特殊的商業(yè)作物)符合文意。
47.F�？崭袂疤岬綄�(duì)糖的需求增加，這個(gè)行業(yè)開始獲利，而空格后提到植物枯萎并死掉。前后具有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所有選項(xiàng)中只有F含有轉(zhuǎn)折詞however，故F(然而不幸的是這種植物開始變?nèi)�，容易得�?是正確答案。
48.A�？崭袂疤岬搅丝茖W(xué)家進(jìn)行不同植物基因混合的實(shí)驗(yàn)來培育新品種，空格后提到現(xiàn)在這種甘蔗植物還不準(zhǔn)備用做商業(yè)用途。由此可知，空白處講的應(yīng)該是關(guān)于新的甘蔗品種，故A(最終，一種新的商業(yè)甘蔗被培養(yǎng)出來，比之前的甜度增加5%，而且比之前的作物要更強(qiáng)壯，發(fā)病的可能性更小)是正確答案。
49.D�？崭窈罅信e了巴西的例子，指出科學(xué)家試圖發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的'影響含糖量和產(chǎn)量的基因結(jié)構(gòu)，故D項(xiàng)(自20世紀(jì)60年代起，科學(xué)家一直在研究甘蔗基因代碼的秘密)是正確答案。
50.B�？崭袂疤岬窖芯空邆�?nèi)匀粺o法完全了解甘蔗的基因，空格后提到這個(gè)基因尤其令人興奮，其中的this gene應(yīng)該指代空白處提到的某個(gè)基因，故8選項(xiàng)(一個(gè)主要的基因已經(jīng)由Angellique D’Hont博士及其團(tuán)隊(duì)鑒別出來了)符合文意。
職稱英語歷年真題《理工B》補(bǔ)全短文 2
Avalanche (雪崩) and Its Safety.
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside.Avalanches are__________ (1) the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an overburden of material, typically snowpack (積雪場), that is too massive and trustable for the slope__________(2) supports it.Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden which is __________ (3) to cause an avalanche, __________ (4) a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low __________(5) of avalanche.Snow does not __________(6) significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not__________(7) easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered (激發(fā)) avalanches have the greatest incidence(發(fā)生率) when the snows angle of rest is __________(8) 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees.The rule of thumb (經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則) is: A slope that is__________(9) enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle.Additionally, avalanche risk increases with__________ (10); that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry (人煙稀少的地區(qū))is never 100% safe.Good avalanche safety is a continuous__________(11), including route selection and examination to the snowpack, weather __________ (12), and human factors.Several we|l-known good habits can also __________ (13)the risk.If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid__________(14) to.Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made.Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are__________ (15) or damaged.Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.
1.A.among
B.of
C.to
D.in
2.A.when
B.that
C.who
D.whose
3.A.mostly
B.likely
C.clearly
D.surely
4.A.are
B.will be
C.is
D.was
5.A.weight
B.form
C.risk
D.work
6.A.fall
B.flow
C.roll
D.gather
7.A.fall
B.flow
C.roll
D.gather
8.A.among
B.between
C.with
D.for
9.A.thick
B.thin
C.flat
D.rocky
10.A.use
B.time
C.snow
D.rain
11.A.journey
B.trip
C.Fact
D.process
12.A.conditions
B.reports
C.forecast
D.event
13.A.increase
B.reduce
C.improve
D.remove
14.A.price
B.effort
C.attention
D.money
15.A.missing
B.grown
C.big
D.fresh
答案解析：
1.A。這里考查的是介詞。這里是說，雪崩是山上可能發(fā)生的最大危險(xiǎn)之一，因此應(yīng)該選擇among(在……之中)。
2.B。這里考查的是定語從句。根據(jù)定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選用原則，確定答案為that，具體參見定語從句【備考助手】。
3.B。這里是說，過度的雪積壓導(dǎo)致雪崩。顯然是可能而不是必定導(dǎo)致雪崩。所以，B是最佳答案。
4.C。這里考查的是主謂一致。該句的主語是determining the critical load，從上下文來看應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以C是正確答案。
5.C。這里是說，坡度小于25度或者大于60度有較低的發(fā)生雪崩的__________ 。weight(重量)、form(形式)、risk(風(fēng)險(xiǎn))、work(工作)分別代入，只有a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。后面的句子解釋了a low risk ofavalanche的道理，證實(shí)了應(yīng)選risk。
6.D。第6題和第7題是講為什么坡度小于25度或者大于60度發(fā)生雪崩的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較低。本句是說，在坡度大的坡上，雪不會(huì)大量。9ather(聚集)符合語境，因?yàn)樵谄露却蟮钠律涎┎痪奂挪粫?huì)發(fā)生雪崩。
7.B。本句是說，在較為平坦的坡面，雪不會(huì)輕易__________ 。roll(滑動(dòng))符合語境，因?yàn)樵谳^為平坦的坡面上雪不會(huì)輕易滑動(dòng)，所以發(fā)生雪崩的危險(xiǎn)比較低。
8.B。本句是說，坡度在35——45度之間，最可能發(fā)生人為觸發(fā)的雪崩。between意為“在……之間”。
9.C。這個(gè)句子說的是什么樣的山坡最易發(fā)生雪崩，flat有“平坦”之意，與后面的steep形成對(duì)比。
10.A。句中的that is表明，后半部分是對(duì)前半部分的進(jìn)一步說明。所以，這里要根據(jù)下文的意思判斷。use是最佳選擇。整個(gè)句子的'意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用得越多，雪崩就越可能發(fā)生。
11.D。盡管選項(xiàng)A、B和D都能和continuous搭配，從全段的內(nèi)容判斷，只有process是最佳選擇，因?yàn)樵摱蚊鑼懙氖侨绾畏纻溲┍兰叭绾巫龊冒踩胧┑纫幌盗袉栴}。
12.A。從上下文來看，這里談?wù)摰氖侨绾畏纻溲┍�，包括路線的選擇，對(duì)積雪的選擇，天氣和人為因素。選項(xiàng)A、B、C都可以與weather搭配，但是根據(jù)上下文，只有weather condition(天氣狀況)最符合語境。
13.B。從上下文語境來看，這里還是談?wù)撊绾畏纻溲┍�，所以選項(xiàng)A不符合句子的意思;C不能和risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因?yàn)椴豢赡芡耆┍赖碾[患。
14.c。該句主句使用的是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞是pay attention to的被動(dòng)形式。選項(xiàng)A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。
15.A。從上下文語境來看，該句是作者給出的一系列忠告之一，包括認(rèn)真觀察地形、注意明顯的雪崩路徑。這里的or是解題線索，表示or前后的詞在意思上接近，所以選擇missing(缺少的)。
職稱英語歷年真題《理工B》補(bǔ)全短文 3
If you cannot see, you may not be able to find your way out of a burning building-and that could be fatal.A company in Leeds could change all that__1__ directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.
Sound Alert, a company__2__ the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for__3__ people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria.__4__produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine the __5__ is coming from.
Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be __6__ by humans."It is a burst of white noise__7__ people say sounds like static on the radio," he says."Its life-saving potential is great"
She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of a large__8__ room.It__9__ them nearly our minutes to find the door__10__ a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.
Withington studies how the brain__11__ sounds at the university.She says that the __12__ of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band.Alarms__13__ on the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.
The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up__14__ down stairs.They were__15__ with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.
1.A) without B)with C)having D)selling
2.A) run by B)changed by C) decorated by D)criticized by
3.A) slow B)deaf C)blind D)lame
4.A) Alarms B) Alarm C) The alarm D) The alarms
5.A) noise B) sound C) music D) bell
6.A) watched B) produced C) learnt D) heard
7.A) where B) what C) that D) how
8.A) smoked B) smoke-filled C) filled with smoke D) smoke-filling
9.A) has taken B) takes C) took D) will take
10.A) on B) near C) without D) from
11.A) processes B) produces C) possesses D) proceeds
12.A) feature B) quality C)diagram D) source
13.A) basis on B) base on C) basing on D) based on
14.A) or B) and C) but D) otherwise
15.A) developed B) determined C) discovered D) delivered
key: BACDB DCBCC ADDAA
The Greatest Mystery of Whales
The whale is a mammal - warm-blooded, air-breathing, giving birth to its young alive, sucking them-and, like all mammals, originated on land.There are many signs of this.__1__ front flippers, used for steering and stability, are traces of feet.
Immense strength is built into the great body of the big whales, and in fact most of a whale’s body is one gigantic muscle.The blue whale’s pulling __2__ has been estimated at 400 horsepower.One specimen was reported to have __3__ a whaling vessel for seven hours at the __4__ of eight knots.
An enraged whale will attack a ship.A famous __5__ of this was the fate of whaler Essex, which was sunk __6__ South America early in the last century.More recently, steel ships have had their plates buckled in the same way.Sperm whales were known to __7__ the old-time whaleboats in their jaws and crush them.
The greatest mystery of whales is their diving ability.The sperm whale __8__ the bottom for his favourite food, the octopus.__9__ he is known to go as far down as 3,200 feet, where the pressure is 1,400 pounds, to the square inch.Doing __10__ he will remain submerged as long as one hour.Two feats are involved in this : storing up enough __11__(all whales are air-breathed) and withstanding the great change in pressure.Just __12__ he dose it scientists have not determined.It is believed that some of the oxygen is stored in a special system of blood vessels, rather than just held in the lungs.And __13__ that a special kind of oil in his head is some sort of compensating mechanism that automatically adjusts the internal pressure of his body.But __14__ you can’t bring a live whale into the laboratory for study, no one __15__ just how these things work.
EXERCISE:
1.A)Their B)His C)Theirs D)Its
2.A)strength B)width C)height D)length
3.A)eaten B)crashed C)towed D)lifted
4.A)distance B)rate C)voyage D)sail
5.A)picture B)film C)example D)book
6.A)off the coast of B)of the coast of C0away the coast of D)in the coast of
7.A)hit B)seize C)damage D)overturn
8.A)sink to B)rest on C)dive to D)hide on
9.A)In that search B)Because of this C)In spite of that D)In support of this
10.A)so B)such C)above D)the same
11.A)air B)oxygen C)energy D)heat
12.A)what B)where C)how D)when
13.A)it is believed B)he believes C)we believe D)it believes
14.A)because of B)due to C)since D)owing to
15.A)communicates B)knows C)hears D)develops
KEY:D A C B C A B C A A B C A C B
職稱英語歷年真題《理工B》補(bǔ)全短文 4
The surface of the earth may seem very stable to you.But you might be amazed if you knew some of the things that are going on under that surface.
The earth has an outer shell of rigid pieces called tectonic plates (地殼構(gòu)造板塊).The plates include both ocean floor and dry land.Some have whole continents on top of them.The continents on top of the plates are just going along for a slow ride,moving only about four inches per year.But even this small movement causes three types of big interactions.
One type is ocean ridges.These ridges develop in places where two plates are moving away from each other.As the plates separate,hot magma(巖漿)flows up to fill the space.New crust(地殼)builds up on the plate boundaries and causes ocean ridges.These ridges form long mountain ranges,which only rise above the ocean surface in a few places.
Another type of reaction-trenches-occurs between two plates that are moving toward each other.As the plates meet,one bends downward and plunges undemeath the other.This forms deep ocean trenches.The Marianas Trench off Guam in the western Pacific Ocean has a depth of more than 36,000 feet.This is the lowest point on the ocean floor.If the leading edges of the two colliding plates carry continents,then the layers of rock in the overriding plate crumple(變皺)and fold.A plate that carried what is now lndia collided with the southern edge of the plate that carried Europe and most of Asia.This caused the Himalayas,the world’s highest mountains.
The third reaction is transform faults(轉(zhuǎn)換斷層).These faults occur where two plates that are traveling in opposite directions slide past each other.Severe earthquakes can occur.The San Andreas Fault in Califomia is a good example of this type of movement.
36.The word“stable”(paragraph 1)means
A.“a place for horses”.
B.“calm and easygoing”.
C.“steady or firm”.
D.“a collection of animals”.
37.To explain the effect of trenches,the writer gives the example of
A.the sea floor in the Atlantic Ocean.
B.the Himalayan Mountains.
C.Europe.
D.lndia.
38.The San Andreas Fault is an example of
A.a severe earthquake.
B.a California rock formation.
C.two plates moving apart.
D.two plates aliding past each other.
39.According to the passage,the earth is
A.always changing.
B.becoming smaller.
C.moving faster.
D.getting hotter.
40.This passage is mostly about
A.effects of movements of the earth’s plates.
B.different types of continents.
C.the Marianas Trench.
D.transform faults.
職稱英語歷年真題《理工B》補(bǔ)全短文 5
More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing.
1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences.
2 Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up1 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night’s sleep than 8-hour sleepers.2
3 These findings, which Dr Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine3, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside4 more than 8 hours a night He added that “it might be a good idea” for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this.
4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep — for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.
5 For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to- day functioning5.
6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 88 hours In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed “It stands to reason6 that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake,” he said.
詞匯：
refresh v.(使)精力恢復(fù) questionnaire n.問卷
psychosomatic adj.(指疾病)由精神壓力引起的
fatigue n.疲勞 caution v.警告
insomnia n.失眠 habitually adv.習(xí)慣地
注釋：
1.clock up：時(shí)間達(dá)到
2.they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night’s sleep than 8-hour sleepers：falling和feeling都是說明trouble的。全句可譯為：與8小時(shí)睡眠者相比，他們在入睡和經(jīng)過一夜睡眠恢復(fù)精力方面有更多的麻煩。
3.Psychosomatic Medicine：《心身醫(yī)學(xué)》(醫(yī)學(xué)雜志名)
4.set aside：留出
5.having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning：感到疲乏影響日常工作。
6.stand to reason：是當(dāng)然的，是合情合理的
練習(xí)：
1.Paragraph 2 ________
2.Paragraph 4 ________
3.Paragraph 5 ________
4.Paragraph 6 ________
A Kripke’s Research Tool
B Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep
C Criticism on Kripke’s Report
D A Way of Overcoming Insomnia
E Sleep Problem of Long and Short Sleepers
F Classification of Sleep Problems
5.To get a good night’s rest, people may not need to ________.
6.Long sleepers are reported to be more likely to ________.
7.One of the sleep problems is waking in the middle of the night, unable to ________.
8.One survey showed that people who habitually ________ each night have a higher risk of dying.
A fall asleep again
B become more energetic the following day
C sleep less than 7 hours
D confirm those serious consequences
E suffer sleep problems
F sleep more than 8 hours
答案與題解：
1.E 第二段列舉了睡眠時(shí)間多于或少于8小時(shí)而帶來的多種sleep problems。
2.B 第四段闡述了長期睡眠不足所帶來的嚴(yán)重后果。
3.A 第五段介紹了Kripke的調(diào)查工具(tool)。他用的'是有關(guān)睡眠的問卷。問卷包括兩大內(nèi)容：睡眠時(shí)間及睡眠困擾問題。
4.D 第六段最后兩句是：“...one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed.”和“It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they’ll spend a higher percentage of time awake.”這是選擇D的依據(jù)。
5.F 選擇F的依據(jù)是第三段第一句。原文是：“...people who want to get a good night’s rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.”
6.E 選擇E的依據(jù)是第六段第一句。原文是：“...people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours.”
7.A 本題答案的依據(jù)是第五段第二句：“Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep ...”
8.C 本題答案的依據(jù)是第四段：“...one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more.”
譯文：每晚只需8小時(shí)，睡眠過多非益事
睡眠不足帶來的危害已經(jīng)廣為人知，而一項(xiàng)新的研究表明睡眠過多同樣會(huì)使人們產(chǎn)生不良后果。
圣地亞哥加利福尼亞大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)在入睡、保持睡眠等方面，每晚睡眠9或10小時(shí)的人比睡8小時(shí)的人存在更多問題。而每晚僅睡7小時(shí)的人則表示，他們在入睡及休息后精力恢復(fù)程度上不及8小時(shí)睡眠者。
Daniel Kripke博士在《心身醫(yī)學(xué)》雜志上報(bào)告的這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，人們?nèi)绻胪砩闲菹⒑茫刻炝艚o睡眠的時(shí)間只需8小時(shí)。他補(bǔ)充說，對(duì)于那些每晚睡8小時(shí)以上的人們來說，考慮減少在床上度過的時(shí)間“也許是個(gè)好主意”。不過他又提醒說這還需要進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)。
以往的研究證明了長期睡眠缺乏的潛在危機(jī)。有報(bào)告顯示，睡眠經(jīng)常少于7小時(shí)的人比睡眠充足者，在特定時(shí)期內(nèi)死亡的機(jī)率更高。
而在目前這份報(bào)告中，Kripke考評(píng)了一份1004名成年人參與反饋的睡眠調(diào)查問卷。問卷內(nèi)容涉及每周睡眠時(shí)間和各種可能的睡眠問題，包括半夜驚覺，清晨早醒，無法重新入睡，以及白天疲勞，影響日常工作等。
Kripke發(fā)現(xiàn)每晚9至10小時(shí)睡眠者比睡8小時(shí)的人更容易出現(xiàn)各類睡眠問題。在次訪談中，Kripke注意到睡眠時(shí)間長的人夜間可能難以入眠，正是因?yàn)樗麄兯锰嗔�。因此他補(bǔ)充說，治療失眠最好的一種方法就是少睡點(diǎn)兒�！霸诖采匣ǖ脮r(shí)間過長，醒著的時(shí)間就會(huì)更多，這是理所當(dāng)然的。”
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